Scripta+Ultima+Latin+3

Est Ultima Scripta! Creditisne? Vobis quos docui tres annos, didistis mdclxxx scripta. Eugepae!

The theme for the phrases will be philosophy.

Reductio ad absurdum (Latin: "reduction to absurdity"), a method of indirectly proving a proposition by assuming its negation to be true and showing that this leads to an absurdity; a method of disproving a proposition by showing that its inevitable consequences would be absurd []

Rocks have weight, otherwise we would see them floating in the air. This reasoning tries to persuade by making up an impossibility. All men are stupid. Einstein was a man. Einstein was stupid. []

reductio ad ridiculum:reduction to mockery also called appeal to mockery or the horse laugh), is an informal fallacy which presents an opponent's argument as absurd, ridiculous, or in any way humorous, to the specific end of a foregone conclusion that the argument lacks any substance which would merit consideration. Appeal to ridicule is often found in the form of comparing a nuanced circumstance or argument to a laughably commonplace occurrence or to some other irrelevancy on the basis of comedic timing, wordplay, or making an opponent and their argument the object of a joke. For example, following criticism during the 2008 United States general elections that Barack Obama's policies were "socialist", Obama responded by saying "Next they'll be calling me a communist because I shared my toys in kindergarten.", pushing the "socialist" label to its extreme and presenting a flippant response to the argument, rejecting it as unworthy of serious consideration. This is a rhetorical tactic that mocks an opponent's argument or standpoint, attempting to inspire an emotional reaction (making it a type of appeal to emotion) in the audience and to highlight any counter-intuitive aspects of that argument, making it appear foolish and contrary to common sense. This is typically done by making a mockery of the argument's foundation that represents it in an uncharitable and overly simplified way. []

And, here we have:sheldon reductio ad ridiculum

Caesar's command in Gaul/Gallia ( modern day France,Belgium, some of Germany and Switzerland) 58 BCE: Caesar left Rome for Gaul; he would not return for 9 years, in the course of which he would conquer most of what is now central Europe, opening up these lands to Mediterranean civilization—a decisive act in world history. However, much of the conquest was an act of aggression prompted by personal ambition (not unlike the conquests of Alexander  the Great). Fighting in the summers, he would return to Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) in the winters and manipulate Roman politics through his supporters (see  this map of Caesar's Gallic campaigns). 54 BCE: Caesar led a three-month expedition to Britain (the was the first Roman crossing of the English Channel), but he did not establish a permanent base there. He did defeat the Celtic king,Cassivelaunus, but not by much, and not as easily as he would hvae liked, and therefore he seemed quite eager to leave:

Caesar negotiated a treaty imperiously, almost as if he had won a great victory.

Cassivelaunus promised to abide by it, but Caesar, impatient now to be gone,

took no precautions to ensure that he did so. All Caesar wanted was to get away

from this inhospitable island, from its abominable weather, and its cunning

inhabitants. Autumn gales were already blowing round the coast and the winds

were frothing up dangerously choppy seas when the Roman ships weighed anchor and

sailed for France. []

Meanwhile, Caesar's coalition with Pompey was increasingly strained, especially after Julia died in childbirth in 54. In the following year, Crassus received command of the armies of the East but was defeated and killed by the Parthians. []

5/1 An a fortiori argument is an "argument from a stronger reason." For example, if it has been established that a person is deceased (the stronger reason), then one can with equal or greater certainty argue that the person is not breathing. "Being dead" trumps other arguments that might be made to show that the person is not breathing, such as for instance, not seeing any sign of breathing.

agumentum ad baculum: an argument to the stick Employee: I do not think the company should invest its money into this project. Employer: Be quiet or you will be fired.
 * Student: I do not think it is fair that the deadline for our essay is so soon.Teacher: Do not argue with me or I will send you to detention.

In both of these examples, the authority figures ended the argument with a threat, but this does not automatically mean they are correct. They did not win the argument because they did not refute the other person's contention. An ad baculum argument is not necessarily fallacious:

If you drive while drunk, you will be put in jail. You want to avoid going to jail. Therefore you should not drive while drunk. This is called a non-fallacious ad baculum. The inference is valid because the existence of the punishment is not being used to draw conclusions about the nature of drunk driving itself, but about people for whom the punishment applies. It would become a fallacy if one proceeded from the first premise to argue, for example, that drunk driving is immoral or bad for society. Specifically, the above argument would become a fallacious ad baculum if the conclusion stated:

Therefore you will not drive while drunk. fortitude: strength Gallic: French

Caesar experienced quite a bit of success against the Gallic and Celtic tribes on his campaign, and the tribes realized that they needed to unite to have any success against him. So they did under a king named Vercengetorix... possibly the coolest name ever. He was a very capable leader and opponent, and had in fact trained with Caesars legions early on in the Gallic campaign. His goal was to unite the Gauls, and drive the Romans out. He had some early success, like at the ROman controlled Orleans. And these two had their grand show down at the Seige of Alesia : [] []

Caesar goes into the battle himself

In the end, facing starvation and mounting loss of morale Vercengetorix is forced to surrender. He will then languish in a Roman prison for 5 years until Caesar gets his triumph which is initially denied to him by his political enemies in Rome. vercengetorix surrenders to caesar This is the pinnacle of Julius Caesar's military career and gives him tremendous political clout as well. He has effectively brought all of Gaul under Roman rule. It is the end of an independent Gaul.

5/6

A posteriori: from the later ( thing); known from experience; We can know only a posteriori that all swans are white.


 * A posteriori knowledge is knowledge that we can have only after we have certain experiences. We have to make some observations to gain such knowledge. (We can’t just reflect from the armchair, we have to go out in the world and see how things actually are.)
 * Examples: "There is a cup on this table", "Smoking causes cancer."

A priori: from the earlier ( thing ): what is known to be true a priori can be known independently of (or prior to) empirical investigation or confirmation We know a priori that that a straight line is the shortest distance between two points.
 * A priori knowledge is knowledge that we can have "prior to experience". We don’t need to observe how the world is to have such knowledge. We can arrive at such knowledge through reason alone (sitting in our armchairs by the fire, as it were, and simply using our powers of reasoning).
 * Examples: "All bachelors are unmarried", "All triangles have three sides."

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posterity: future generations; those who will come later prior: earlier; former

Pompeius Magnus Why was he Magnus and not just Pompeius?

(106 BC - 48 BC)

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is best known in history as a member of the First Triumvirate with Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus. He was awarded the cognomen MAGNUS as a result of extraordinary military skill demonstrated at a very early age. His interest was less in politics than in military endeavors and as a result he became an unwitting tool in the hands of Caesar's enemies.

Gnaeus Pompeius was born in 106 B.C.E. in the northern Italian town of Picenum. His family had entered senatorial status only 35 years prior to his birth and coming from a provincial town rather than Rome, he was not readily accepted by Roman patricians. He learned his military skills from his father, Pompeius Stabo and fought under his leadership at the age of 17 during the Social Wars.

Pompey attached himself to Sulla during the 1st Civil War. This was a cruel war during which Pompey too was ruthless. He was given the nickname //teenage butcher.// When the war ended, there were still some rebellious factions whom Pompey was sent to put down. After subduing the remnants of Marius' forces in Africa and Sicily, he returned to Rome and was given the cognomen Magnus. (There are some stories that he gave himself the name.) It was unusual for so young a man to both have a triumph and be given such an honorific. Surely this was a man to be noticed.

In addition to his early successes, brutal though they are said to have been, Pompey was responsible for subduing the rebellious Spartacus and his army of slaves; this earned him the enmity of Crassus who had already put down the main force of the slave revolt that had terrorized Italy. He was awarded the task of ridding the pirates from the Mediterranean (another position Crassus had desired). He conquered Mithridates, King of Pontus, Tigranes, King of Armenia, and Antiochus, King of Syria and went on to capture Jerusalem.

Returning to Rome, Pompey received a triumph for the third time. He formed a coalition with Caesar and Crassus, called today the First Triumvirate. This annoyed the politicians as they saw their power being usurped by the three men. Crassus was probably brought into the group by Caesar, since Caesar had borrowed much money from the very wealthy Crassus.

Pompey then married Caesar's daughter Julia, thus binding him closer to Caesar. When Julia died in 54 B.C.E., a chasm grew between the two. Pompey returned his loyalties to the Optimates and found himself on the opposite side of the political arena from Caesar.

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5/8 ceteris paribus: with other things being equal: a phrase commonly used to consider the effects of a cause in isolation by assuming that other relevant conditions are absent ( e.g. ‘An increase in the price of oil will result, ceteris paribus, to people using their cars less often ).

Non sequitur: it does not follow, in formal logic, is an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its premises.[ 1home] In a non sequitur, the conclusion could be either true or false, but the argument is fallacious because there is a disconnection between the premise and the conclusion. All invalid arguments are special cases of non sequitur. The term has special applicability in law, having a formal legal definition. Many types of known non sequitur argument forms have been classified into many different types of logical fallacies. E.G.
 * All Zs are Bs.
 * Y is a B.
 * Therefore, Y is a Z.
 * All men are humans.
 * Mary is human.
 * Therefore, Mary is a man.


 * If A is true, then B is true.
 * B is true.
 * Therefore, A is true.


 * If Jackson is a human (A) then Jackson is a mammal. (B)
 * Jackson is a mammal. (B)
 * Therefore, Jackson is a human. (A)

segue:to make a transition from one thing to another smoothly and without interruption:The conversation segued from travel anecdotes to food.

obsequious:characterized by or showing servile complaisance or deference; fawning: an obsequious bow.

51 BCE: The conquest of Gaul effectively completed, Caesar set up an efficient provincial administration to govern the vast territories; he published his history The Gallic Wars( de Bello Gallico). The Optimates in Rome attempted to cut short Caesar's term as governor of Gaul and made it clear that he would be immediately prosecuted if he returned to Rome as a private citizen (Caesar wanted to run for the consulship in absentia so that he could not be prosecuted). Pompey and Caesar were maneuvered into a public split; neither could yield to the other without a loss of honor, dignity, and power. 49 BCE: Caesar tried to maintain his position legally, but when he was pushed to the limit he led his armies across the Rubicon River (the border of his province), which was automatic civil war( this is the "alea iacta est" moment . Pompey's legions were in Spain, so he and the Senate retreated to Brundisium and from there sailed to the East. Caesar quickly advanced to Rome, set up a rump Senate and had himself declared dictator. Throughout his campaign, Caesar practiced—and widely publicized—his policy of clemency (he would put no one to death and confiscate no property). In a bold, unexpected move, Caesar led his legions to Spain, to prevent Pompey's forces from joining him in the East; he allegedly declared, “I am off to meet an army without a leader; when I return, I shall meet a leader without an army.” After a remarkably short campaign, he returned to Rome and was elected consul, thus (relatively) legalizing his position. []

5/10 argumentum ad lapidem: an argument to the stone ; a logical fallacy that consists in dismissing a statement as absurd without giving proof of its absurdity; Ad lapidem statements are fallacious because they fail to address the merits of the claim in dispute E.G. Albert claims that Bob has embezzled from his employer. Carl replies, "That can't be true. Bob is not an embezzler, not now or ever. He simply wouldn't do such a thing. It's nonsense, a ridiculous claim on its face." Because it denies Albert's claim, but gives no reasoning or evidence proving it untrue, Carl's reply is an argumentum ad lapidem in form. In making it, Carl has committed the ad lapidem fallacy, and Albert would be reasonable to discount it. Another example: Speaker B gives no evidence or reasoning, and when pressed, claims that Speaker A's statement is inherently absurd, thus applying the fallacy.
 * Speaker A: Infectious diseases are caused by microbes.
 * Speaker B: What a ridiculous idea!
 * Speaker A: How so?
 * Speaker B: It's obviously ridiculous.

argumentum ad crumenam :an argument to the purse, is the informal fallacy of concluding that a statement is correct because the speaker is rich (or that a statement is incorrect because the speaker is poor).

If you’re so smart, why aren’t you rich? This new law is a good idea. Most of the people against it are riff-raff who make less than $20,000 a year.

Warren Buffett is hosting a seminar. This seminar is better than others, because Warren Buffett is richer than most people. []

delapidate: to cause or allow(a building, automobile,etc.) to fall into a state of disrepair,as by misuse or neglect lapidate: to pelt with stones, to stone to death

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Marcus Antonius (Marc Antony) was born in Rome in 83 B.C. He was related on his mother's side to Julius Caesar. He was from a prominent noble family and served under Caesar in Gaul (53-50 B.C.). Mark Antony went to Rome to become tribune of the plebs in 49 B.C. He was expelled from the senate and fled back to the Roman Army. The following year he led the left-wing of Caesar's army at the battle of Pharsalus. After defeating Pompey, he was left to govern Italy during Caesar's absence in Africa.

At Caesar's funeral, Mark Antony was chosen to give the eulogy. During his speech, he removed the toga from Caesar's body to show the crowd the stab wounds, pointing at each one naming with men who had struck the blows. However, Cicero later commented: "Caesar subjected the Roman people to oppression... Is there anyone, except Mark Antony who did not wish for his death or who disapproved of what was done?... Some didn't know of the plot, some lacked courage, others the opportunity. None lacked the will." Mark Antony also published Caesar's will which revealed that he had left 300 sesterces to every man in Rome. Caesar also stated in his will that his impressive gardens were to become parks for the people who lived in the city. This action helped Mark Antony to gain political influence over the people of Rome. At various periods between 49 and 47 Mark Antony administered Italy when Julius Caesar was absent. He was therefore well-placed to assume leadership of the Caesar faction in Rome. Mark Antony allied himself with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a joint bid for power. However, they were challenged by Caesar's great nephew and adopted son, Octavian. The three men met on an island in a river near Mutina and formed the Second Triumvirate. In doing so, they brought an end to Republican Rome. When the Senate attempted to regain control, Antony and Octavian had 130 of them murdered. Their property was seized and given to those willing to support the new rulers. . []

5/14 Argumentum ad lazarum or appeal to poverty ( to Lazarus) is the informal fallacy of thinking a conclusion is correct because the speaker is poor, or it's incorrect because the speaker is rich. It is named after Lazarus, a beggar in a New Testament parable who receives his reward in the afterlife.

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 * Family farms are struggling to get by so when they say we need to protect them, they must be on to something.
 * The homeless tell us it’s hard to find housing. Thus it must be.
 * The monks have forsworn all material possessions. They must have achieved enlightenment.
 * All you need to know about the civil war in that country is that the rebels live in mud huts, while the general who sends troops against them sits in a luxurious, air-conditioned office.

argument: statements and reasoning in support of a proposition

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The Battle of Pharsalus was a decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Pompey had the backing of a majority of the senators, of whom many were optimates, and his army significantly outnumbered the veteran Caesarian legions. The two armies confronted each other for several months of uncertainty, Caesar being in a much worse position than Pompey. The former found himself isolated in a hostile country with only 22,000 men and short of provisions, while on the other side of the river he was faced by Pompey with an army at least three times as great. Pompey wanted to delay, knowing the enemy would eventually surrender from hunger and exhaustion. Pressured by the Senators present and by his officers, he reluctantly engaged in battle and suffered an overwhelming defeat, ultimately fleeing the camp and his men disguised as an ordinary citizen.

5/16 Q.E.D. is an initialism of the Latin phrase quod erat demonstrandum, originating from the Greek analogous hóper édei deîxai (ὅπερ ἔδει δεῖξαι), meaning "which had to be demonstrated". The phrase is traditionally placed in its abbreviated form at the end of a mathematical proof or philosophical argument when what was specified in the enunciation — and in the setting-out — has been exactly restated as the conclusion of the demonstration.[1] The abbreviation thus signals the completion of the proof.

demonstration: an act for the purpose of showing or proving something At the Battle of Pharsalus, Caesar wins, Pompey loses. In an incredible and, in my opinion, misguided act of mercy, Caesar offered clemency to the defeated army, including the officers, among whom was Brutus...who repaid him by stabbing him to death later. Pompey fled to Egypt, where the Ptolemies, the ruling family, were having a war of their very own.

Following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his kingdom was divided amongst his generals. Ptolemy, son of Lagos took control of Egypt and governed the country until 305 BC, when he was crowned King. The Dynasty ruled in Egypt for almost 300 years, until the death of one of Egypt’s most famous queens Cleopatra VII in 30 BC, when it was annexed by Rome. The male rulers were all named Ptolemy (Greek Ptolemaios) but can be distinguished by their cult names such as Philadelphos (sibling-loving) for Ptolemy II because he married his sister Arsinoe. Today we often allocate numerals in order to distinguish Ptolemies I to XV. The royal women were named Arsinoe, Berenike or Cleopatra and sometimes a combination of these names; this practice sometimes causes confusion and in fact the famous Cleopatra, who is usually called Cleopatra VII, was only the sixth queen to have this name. []

5/20 Post hoc ergo propter hoc, "after this, therefore because of this", is a logical fallacy that states "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one." It is often shortened to simply post hoc. Post hoc is a particularly tempting error because temporal sequence appears to be integral to causality. The fallacy lies in coming to a conclusion based solely on the order of events, rather than taking into account other factors that might rule out the connection.

The form of the post hoc fallacy can be expressed as follows:


 * A occurred, then B occurred.
 * Therefore, A caused B.

When B is undesirable, this pattern is often extended in reverse: Avoiding A will prevent B.

More and more young people are attending high schools and colleges today than ever before. Yet there is more juvenile delinquency and more alienation among the young. This makes it clear that these young people are being corrupted by their education and here's Sheldon to give us an example:Sheldon Post Hoc

regent: one ruling

Cleopatra's father was King Ptolemy XII. Little is known about Cleopatra's mother, but some speculation presumes she may have been her father's sister, Cleopatra VITryphaena. In 58 BC, Ptolemy XII failed to comment on the Roman conquest of Cyprus, a territory ruled by his brother, thereby upsetting the Egyptian population to start a rebellion. Egyptians were already aggravated by heavy taxes (to pay for the Roman bribes) and a substantial increase in the cost of living. Ptolemy XII fled to Rome, possibly with his daughter Cleopatra VII, in search of safety. His daughter Berenice IV became his successor. She ruled as coregent with her sister (or possibly mother) Cleopatra VI Tryphaena. A year after Ptolemy XII's exile, Cleopatra VI Tryphaena died and Berenice ruled alone over Alexandria from 57 to 56BC.

From Rome, Ptolemy XII prosecuted his restitution but met opposition with certain members of the Senate. Ptolemy XII's old ally Pompey housed the exiled king and his daughter and argued on behalf of Ptolemy's restoration in the Senate. During this time, Roman creditors realized that they would not get the return on their loans to the Egyptian king without his restoration.[15 Thus in 57 BC, pressure from the Roman public forced the Senate's decision to restore Ptolemy.[ However, Rome did not wish to invade Egypt to restore the king since the Sibylline books stated that if an Egyptian king asked for help and Rome proceeded with military intervention, great dangers and difficulties would occur.

Egyptians heard rumors of Rome's possible intervention and disliked the idea of their exiled king's return. Cassius Dio reported that a group of one hundred men were sent as envoys from Egypt to make their case to the Romans against Ptolemy XII's restoration, but Ptolemy had their leader (a philosopher named Dion) poisoned and most of the other protesters killed before they reached Rome to plead their desires.

Ptolemy XII finally recovered his throne by paying Aulus Gabinius 10,000 talents to invade Egypt in 55 BC. After defeating the frontier forces of the Egyptian kingdom, Aulus Gabinius's army proceeded to attack the palace guards but the guards surrendered before a battle commenced.

The exact date of Ptolemy XII's restoration is unknown; the earliest possible date of restoration is January 4, 55 BC and the latest possible date was June 24 the same year. Nevertheless, upon entering the palace, Ptolemy had Berenice and her supporters executed. From then on, he reigned until he fell ill in 51 BC. Around two thousand Roman soldiers and mercenaries, the so-called Gabiniani, were stationed in Alexandria to ensure Ptolemy XII's authority on the throne. In exchange, Rome was able to exert its power over the restored king.His daughter Cleopatra VII became his coregent. []

This is why Pompey will seek refuge in Egypt. They owe him, at least to his way of thinking. It was a gross miscalculation on his part.

5/22

Eo ipso: through or by the thing itself (as opposed to through some consequent factor or action). ‘ The fact that one disagrees with a particular church doctrine does not eo ipso make one an unbeliever.’

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eunuch: a castrated man ( what interesting things we learn in Latin class!)

Ptolemy XII dies and left his kingdom to Cleopatra and her brother, Ptolemy XIII. Her brother seems to have been a nub ( that is what all the cool history people say!) and was controlled by those around him, most notably his chief eunuch and regent, a man named Pothinus. He turned the young pharoh against his sister, and thus began a series of events that would lead to Egypt becoming a province of Rome...nice going.

5/24 argumentum ad antiquitatem, appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice

is a common fallacy in which a thesis is deemed correct on the basis that it correlates with some past or present tradition. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way." An appeal to tradition essentially makes two assumptions that are not necessarily true: : []
 * The old way of thinking was proven correct when introduced, i.e. since the old way of thinking was prevalent, it was necessarily correct.
 * In actuality this may be false—the tradition might be entirely based on incorrect grounds.
 * One can sail over the edge of the earth .( of course one cannot do this...the earth is not flat!)
 * The past justifications for the tradition are still valid at present.
 * In actuality, the circumstances may have changed; this assumption may also therefore be untrue.
 * A father is entirely responsible for his daughters until they marry. ( women can now support themselves)

a maiore ad minus: from the bigger to the smaller ( greater to lesser) describes a simple and obvious inference from a claim about a stronger entity, greater quantity, or general class to one about a weaker entity, smaller quantity, or specific member of that class:


 * From general to particular ("What holds for all X also holds for one particular X") (essentially a less formal version of modus ponens ( method of weighing), the best-known form of the classical syllogism and the one embodied in "All men are mortal. ...")
 * From greater to smaller ("If a door is big enough for a person two meters high, then a shorter person may also come through"; "If a canister may store ten liters of petrol, then it may also store three liters of petrol.")
 * From the whole to the part ("If the law permits a testator to revoke the entirety of a bequest by destroying or altering the document expressing it, then the law also permits a testator to revoke the portion of a bequest contained in a given portion of a document by destroying or altering that portion of the document.")
 * From stronger to weaker ("If one may safely use a rope to tow a truck [in the American usage], one may also use it to tow a car.")

syllogism: A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion; for example, All humans are mortal, the major premise, I am a human, the minor premise, therefore, I am mortal, the conclusion.

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antiquity: ancient times

Pothinus, the eunuch, turned Ptolemy the XIII against his sister ( and consort..eww!) and they drove her into the desert (possibly into Syria) where they hoped she would flounder and die...but Cleopatra was not your average bear. She knew that Caesar would be appalled at the murder of Pompey ( which we will discuss later)and she knew if she could get to Caesar she could convince him to ally himself with her, she could be the sole ruler of Egypt. SO,how to get to Caesar? In a carpet, of course, carried in by her loyal slave, Apollodorus.

Caesar was delighted by her cleverness, and they embarked on a hot an heavy affair, resulting in the birth of Caesarian, whom Caesar acknowledged as his child according to Roman custom...a newborn baby was placed at the feet of the father. If the father picked the baby up, he was acknowledging his paternity and his responsibility for that child.

5/29

Contradictio in terminis : contradiction in terms ; refers to a combination of words whose meanings are in conflict with one another. Examples are "liquid ice", "settled science", and "square circle".

If the contradiction is intentional (rhetorical or poetic), then one can speak of an oxymoron: is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms


 * Bitter sweet
 * Deafening silence
 * Dry drunk
 * Forward retreat
 * Irregular pattern
 * Quiet riot
 * Serious joke
 * Sweet sorrow

argumentum ad populum "appeal to the people" is a fallacious argument that concludes a proposition to be true because many or most people believe it. In other words, the basic idea of the argument is: "If many believe so, it is so."

This fallacy is sometimes committed while trying to convince a person that a widely popular thought is true.


 * Nine out of ten of my constituents oppose the bill, therefore it is a bad idea.
 * Nine out of ten of my fellow congressmen favor the bill, therefore it is a good idea.

Other examples:

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 * Fifty million Elvis fans can't be wrong.
 * Everyone's doing it.
 * In a court of law, the jury vote by majority; therefore they will always make the correct decision.
 * Google gives more hits when this spelling is applied, therefore this has to be the correct spelling.
 * Many people buy extended warranties, therefore it is wise to buy them.
 * It's in the Wikipedia article, therefore it must be true.

contradiction: a speaking against; an incompatibility; an inconsistency or discrepancy

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After Caesar was murdered, Cleopatra beame involved with Marc Antony who was vying with Octavian (aka Augustus) for power. Antony was already married to Octavia, Octavian's sister. Cleopatra's relationship with Antony embarassed Octavia, who probably deserved better, and enraged Octavian, who used this relationship as an opportunity to alienate Antony from his Roman followers. Cleopatra and Marc Antony had 3 children together: twins: Cleopatra Selene Alexander Helios and another child: Ptolemy Philadelphus

Caesarian was killed shortly after Antony's and Cleopatra's suicide. In what was possibly the most magnanimous gesture in the history of humanity, Octavia took in the other three. She must have been a really kind and generous person.

Cleopatra's children

5/31 argumentem ad hominem: an argument to the man; attack the person making the argument rather than the argument itself

argumentum a contrario "appeal from the contrary" or "argument based on the contrary" ; denotes any proposition that is argued to be correct because it is not proven by a certain case. It is the opposite of the analogy. Arguments e contrario are often used in the legal system, as a way to solve problems not currently covered by a certain system of laws. It can be a fallacy, but not necessarily.

The X-Law says that green cars need to have blue tires. As such, red cars don't have to have blue tires."

Here the argument is based on the fact that red cars are not green cars and as such § 123 of the X-Law cannot be applied to them. This requires the law to be interpreted to determine which solution would have been desired if the lawmaker had considered red cars. In this case it's probably safe to assume that they only wanted to regulate green cars and not regulate cars of other colors

Or a fallacy:

the Y-Law says that it's irrelevant whether a message is sent by letter or by telegraph. As such, messages cannot be sent by fax machines."

As with the example above, the argument is based on the fact that the law does not mention fax machines and they must therefore not be used. Here the interpretation that the lawmaker consciously did not mention fax machines is less valid than the assumption that fax machines did not exist at this time and that, were the law passed today, they would have been mentioned. Here the argument a contrario is used fallaciously since it places the letter of the law above its intent

contrarian:Someone who automatically tends to take the opposite point of view from the person to whom they're speaking, or to disagree with society at large out of a sort of knee-jerk reflex analogy : inference that if two or more things agree with one another in some respects they will probably agree in others; a heart and a pump []

So, why were are on the topic of Antony's love life, and Caesar's love life, and Pompey's love life...what about Octavian? Octavian was married twice: his first marriage produced a daughter, Julia ( the promiscuous one) and his second marriage produced no children, but lasted a lot longer. He was married to Livia. The daughter of a Roman noble named Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, she is often referred to as Livia Drusilla. At the age of 15 or 16, she was married to Tiberius Claudius Nero, who was an opponent of the young Octavian. She gave birth to her first son, Tiberius, in 42 BC, and by 40 BC the family had fled from Rome to the protection of Mark Antony. They soon returned to Rome, however, and by 38 BC we find a pregnant Livia divorcing her husband to marry Octavian, himself newly divorced from his first wife Scribonia, who had just given birth to their daughter, Julia. The events leading up to this marriage are not clear, but it seems safe to assume that both Octavian and Livia wanted this union, since it caused a great deal of scandal and tongue-wagging in Rome since it caused a great deal of scandal and tongue-wagging in Rome at the time. Several ancient sources report that Octavian tried to minimize the scandal by putting out the story of a divine omen that indicated the special role Livia was to play: supposedly when she was travelling to her country estate an eagle, the bird of Jupiter, dropped in her lap a pregnant hen holding a sprig of laurel in its mouth. Three months after the marriage, Livia's second son, Drusus, was born. In accordance with Roman custom, Livia's boys went to their father to be raised, while Julia stayed with Octavian and Livia. When Tiberius Claudius Nero died in 32 BC, Livia's sons also joined Octavian's household. [|www.novaroma.com]

Livia House of Liva, Palatine Hill

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6/4 pro hominem: for the man ; the opposite of ad hominem...thinking an argument to be true because one favors the person making the argument. Bob is a good man; Bob says A, therefore A must be true.

Ignotum per ignotius "the unknown by the more unknown"; refers to an explanation more unfamiliar than the concept which it seeks to explain. An example would be: "The oven felt hot because of Fourier's Law." It is unlikely that a person unfamiliar with the hotness of ovens would be illuminated by a reference to the fundamental laws of physics. Of course, such a person might exist in theory, so ignotum per ignotius is not strictly a logical fallacy; it is just a criticism of an argument on rhetorical grounds, stating that such an argument is not useful in a particular context.

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/] Pathetic: arousing pity;miserably inadequate ignorant: not knowing

Death of Pompey; it is pathetic in the truest sense of the word. He was a great man, and did not deserve to be murdered like a criminal. And it's not just me who thinks so...Caesar thought so too. Pompey and his wife, and their children came to Egypt seeking asylum. They thought they would be given quarter there, because of all that Pompey had done for the Ptolemies. Well, they were wrong. According to Plutarch, the Roman historian:

So when it was decided that he should fly to Egypt, he set sail from Cyprus on a Seleucian trireme with his wife (of the rest, some sailed along with him in ships of war like his own, and others in merchant vessels), and crossed the sea in safety; but on learning that Ptolemy was posted at Pelusium with an army, making war upon his sister, he put in there, and sent on a messenger to announce his arrival to the king and to ask his aid. 2 Now, Ptolemy was quite young; but Potheinus, who managed all his affairs, assembled a council of the most influential men (and those were most influential whom he wished to be so), and bade each one give his opinion. It was certainly a dreadful thing that the fate of Pompey the Great was to be decided by Potheinus the eunuch, and Theodotus of Chios, who was a hired teacher of rhetoric, and Achillas the Egyptian; for these were the chief counsellors of the king among the chamberlains and tutors also gathered there. 3 And it was such a tribunal's verdict which Pompey, tossing at anchor some distance of the shore, was waiting for, a man who would not deign to be under obligations to Caesar for his life.

The opinions of the other counsellors were so far divergent that some advised to drive Pompey away, and others to invite him in and receive him. But Theodotus, making a display of his powerful speech and rhetorical art, set forth that neither course was safe for them, but that if they received Pompey, they would have Caesar for an enemy and Pompey for a master; while if they rejected him, Pompey would blame them for casting him off, and Caesar for making him continue his pursuit; the best course, therefore, was to send for the man and put him to death, for by doing so they would gratify Caesar and have nothing to fear from Pompey. To this he smilingly added, we are told, "A dead man does not bite."

1 Having determined upon this plan, they entrusted the execution of it to Achillas. So he took with him a certain Septimius, who had once been a tribune of Pompey's, and Salvius besides, a centurion, with three or four servants, and put out towards the ship of Pompey. Now, all the most distinguished of Pompey's fellow-voyagers had come aboard of her to see what was going on. 2 Accordingly, when they saw a reception that was not royal, nor splendid, nor in accordance with the hopes of Theophanes, but a few men sailing up in a single fishing-boat, they viewed this lack of respect with suspicion, and advised Pompey to have his ship rowed back into the open sea, while they were beyond reach of missiles. But meanwhile the boat drew near, and first Septimius rose up and addressed Pompey in the Roman tongue as Imperator. 3 Then Achillas saluted him in Greek, and invited him to come aboard the boat, telling him that the shallows were extensive, and that the sea, which had a sandy bottom, was not deep enough to float a trireme. At the same time some of the royal ships were seen to be taking their crews aboard, and men-at‑arms were occupying the shore, so that there seemed to be no p321escape even if they changed their minds; and besides, this very lack of confidence might give the murderers an excuse for their crime. 4 Accordingly, after embracing Cornelia, who was bewailing his approaching death, he ordered two centurions to go into the boat before him, besides Philip, one of his freedmen, and a servant named Scythes, and while Achillas was already stretching out his hand to him from the boat, turned towards his wife and son and repeated the verses of Sophocles:—

|| Whatever man upon a tyrant takes his way, His slave he is, even though a freeman when he goes.101

79 1 After these last words to his friends, he went into the boat. And since it was a long distance from the trireme to the land, and none of his companions in the boat had any friendly word for him, turning his eyes upon Septimius he said: "Surely I am not mistaken, and you are an old comrade of mine!" 2 Septimius nodded merely, without saying anything to him or showing any friendliness. So then, as there was profound silence again, Pompey took a little roll containing a speech written by him in Greek, which he had prepared for his use in addressing Ptolemy, and began to read in it. 3 Then, as they drew near the shore, Cornelia, together with his friends, stood on the trireme watching with great anxiety for the outcome, and began to take heart when she saw many of the king's people assembling at the landing as if to give him an honourable welcome. But at this point, p323while Pompey was clasping the hand of Philip that he might rise to his feet more easily, Septimius, from behind, ran him through the body with his sword, then Salvius next, and than Achillas, drew their daggers and stabbed him.102 4 And Pompey, drawing his toga down over his face with both hands, without an act or a word that was unworthy of himself, but with a groan merely, submitted to their blows, being sixty years of age less one, and ending his life only one day after his birth-day.

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I am reminded of TS ELIOt..".this is the way the word ends, this is the way the world ends, not with a bang but with a whimper"