Scripta+5+Latin+III+2016

Apollo the Doctor

1/27

=This time we will be covering medical Latin ( a little of it, anyway) and ancient medical practices, practicioners and philosophies Stop. Stop. You are far too kind.= Here is my citation: Dominik, William J. "Chapter 5: Medicine." Words & Ideas. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2002. N. pag. Print.

I am ever so grateful for easybib.com and you should check it out too. Nolite rotam reinvenire!

= ad lib.=ad libitum : "at one's pleasure"; freely. In regard to medicine, it means one can take it as often as one needs== = a.c.=ante cibum:"before food". Take the medicine before a meal.=

= Prognosis : OK, it's not Latin, it's Greek. Nevertheless, here it is: "It is from the Greek verb " progignoskin" ("to know beforehand") and therefore indicates prior knowledge of the course of the disease that is gained from the observation of many similar cases." (p. 107)= =The prognosis for those suffering from cancer is so much better than 30 years ago, thanks to advances in medicine.= = Diagnosis : Another Greek one. "...it somes from the verb "diagignoskein" ( to distinguish or discern)"( 107). This is when the doctor tells you with what you are afflicted.= =I was diagnosed with an ear infection.=

=Medicine had its beginnings in religion and magic. Ancient people beleieved that various illnesses were caused by the gods. many gods were associated with healing and medicine as well. So, let's start with that.= = Asklepios/ Asclepius : son of Apollo( who is also associated with medicine); god most closely associated with medicine and healing.= =Note the snake. Snakes were symbolic of healing because of their ability to shed their skin and rejuvenate.= =Asclepius was taught the art of medicine by Chiron, everyone's favorite centaur(107) who educated Achilles as well.=

Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli =UVA Asclepius=

1/29 alt.h =altera hora: every other hour bid (b.i.d.)=bis in die: twice in a day

carcinoma: " the term originated in ancient times when the nature of a malignant growth was little understood, is made up of the Greek base karkinos( crab)+ the suffix -oma (tumor). One explanation of its origin is that the swollen veins surrounding the diseased area resembled the claws of a crab. The Latin word for crab is "cancer".(107). malignant: ( malignāre to act maliciously):  very dangerous or harmful in influence or effect.  (of a tumor);cancerous,invasive,or metastatic.

Hippocrates: father of Medicine; began to move medicine out of the realm of hocus pocus darkness and into the light of science( thank God for him, huh?). He founded a medical school on an island off the coast of Asia Minor and traveled around teaching and practicing his art. There are any number of treatises about various medical topics attributed to him from antiquity. They cover topics such as anatomy, physiology, prognosis, surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, treatment of illness through diet and drugs, medical ethics, and etiquette.

Hippocratic oath: "The Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest binding documents in history. Written in antiquity, its principles are held sacred by doctors to this day: treat the sick to the best of one's ability, preserve patient privacy, teach the secrets of medicine to the next generation, and so on. "The Oath of Hippocrates," holds the American Medical Association's Code of Medical Ethics (1996 edition), "has remained in Western civilization as an expression of ideal conduct for the physician." Today, most graduating medical-school students swear to some form of the oath, usually a modernized version. Indeed, oath-taking in recent decades has risen to near uniformity, with just 24 percent of U.S. medical schools administering the oath in 1928 to nearly 100 percent today." []

Hippocratic Oath: Classical Version

I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art—if they desire to learn it—without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.

I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.

What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about.

If I fulfill this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.

Hippocratic Oath: Modern Version

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:

I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.

I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.

I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.

I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.

I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.

I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.

I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.

If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.

—Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.

[]

2/3 non. rep.= non repetatur: "it is not repeated" do not repeat c.c.=cum cibum: "with food"

pharmacist (pharmacy/pharmacology): The Greek word "pharmakon" meand "drug"; ergo, a pharmacist is one who prepares and dispenses drugs, the study and branch of medicine that deals with drugs is "pharmacology", and the place that sells them is the pharmacy. The Greek word can also mean "poison"....(108). ethics : from the Greek"ethos" meaning "nature" or "disposition". Ethics now refers to a set of moral principles such as medical ethics ( a la the Hippocratic oath)(111).

Check this out: [|uva ancient medicine site]

Humoral Theory/The Four Humors "elaborate doctrine of the Four Humors endured through many centuries and is one of the central tenets of the Hippocratic Corpus. This theory was grounded on the Empedoclean principle of the four supposed elements: earth, air, fire, and water. Man’s four constituent elements, or humors, were identified analogously as black bile, blood, yellow bile, and phlegm, all of which had to be in correct proportion to one another. " []

This idea held on four a really, really long time. Why was it so appealing? Well, our friends at UVA say," It offered a kind of universal holdall, in which tastes, temperaments, and a surprising number of diseases could find loose accommodation. Though virtually worthless as a theory, it remained the fundamental prop of European medicine for over two millennia." [] [|4 humors middle ages] What were the humors and what did they do?

"The four humors are the bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, originating in the heart, brain, liver, and spleen, respectively. One work assigned to Greek #|physicianHippocrates (c. 460-c. 377 b.c.), Nature of Man, asserts that illness is caused by an imbalance of the four humors (fluids) in the body. The presence of these humors was thought to determine the health and personality of a person. This belief prevailed for centuries but was finally discredited by modern science.

During the Middle Ages (500-1350) each of the humors was assigned certain characteristics. Someone of ruddy complexion was believed to have an excessive amount of blood in his or her system; that person would be sanguine (cheerful and optimistic) in character. (The word sanguine is derived from the Latin word sanguiss, meaning "blood.") Someone who had an imbalance resulting in more phlegm was considered phlegmatic, and would have a slow and impassive temperament. An individual who had excessive yellow bile was considered hot-tempered. And a person who had more black bile in his or her physiological system was believed to be melancholic." []

Read more: [|http://www.answers.com/topic/what-are-the-four-humors#ixzz25naAOC00]

What if one's humors were out of whack?

The treatments for disease within humoral theory were concerned with restoring balance. These could be

relatively benign and focused on changes in dietary habits, exercise and herbal

medicines. But other treatments could involve more aggressive attempts to

re-establish balance. As well as having the body purged with laxatives and

emetics, or the skin blistered with hot iron, individuals already weakened by

disease might be subjected to BLOODLETTING ( emphasis mine!!!)

because practitioners mistakenly believed that their bodies contained an excess

of blood. []



Empedocles: Fifth century bc. Greek philosopher who believed that all matter is composed of elemental particles of fire, water, earth, and air.

[]

2/5 q.i.d.=quater in die : four times a day; every 6 hours u.d.= ut dictum : as said; as directed

dictum : an order, a command quotidian (dies): ordinary, everyday

HYGEIA was the godess of good health. She was a daughter and attendant of the medicine-god Asclepius and a companion of the goddess Aphrodite. There's nothing sexy about disease. Gustav Klimt

PANAKEIA (or Panacea) was the goddess of cures and panaceas (in the form of medicines, salves and other curatives). She an attendant of her father, the medicine-god Asklepios.

[]

2/9

stat=statim:"immediately" q.h.s.=quaque hora somni: at every hour of sleep"; bedtime

hygiene: the things that you do to keep yourself and your surroundings clean in order to maintain good health

▪ Poor sanitation and hygiene caused many of the soldiers to get sick.▪ He has very poor personal hygiene.▪ Brushing your teeth regularly is an important part of good dental/oral hygiene.

panacea: something that will make everything about a situation better ; a cure-all

▪ The law will improve the lives of local farmers, but it is no panacea.▪ An increase in tuition won't be a panacea [=cure-all] for the college's financial problems.

So, who were the actual doctors?

Roman doctors did not necessarily fare well. Many doctors were freed Greek slaves, hence the social standing of doctors was quite low. Because cure rates were so low, many people were skeptical or even scornful of doctors. Their skepticism is easily understood. Roman literature contains much which tells us about the reactions of individuals to medicine and doctors. To listen to the Roman authors is to hear tales of quackery at all levels of society.

Some doctors charged excessive prices for the most worthless medicines and drugs, and others in the craft attempt to deal with and treat diseases they obviously do not understand.

There were no licensing boards and no formal requirements for entrance to the profession. Anyone could call himself a doctor. If his methods were successful, he attracted more patients, if not, he found himself another profession. Medical training consisted mostly of apprentice work. Men trained as doctors by following around another doctor.

Rome had two types of physicians:

Those who served the general public whose reputation wasn't as prestigious. Many were illiterate, quacks, charlatans, and usually cheated the poor and needy.

Unethical practices abounded. Plutarch grumbled that practitioners used all sorts of questionable methods to gain patients, ranging from escorting the prospective patient home from bars to sharing dirty jokes with him. According to Plutarch, "Some Medical Quacks would do just about anything to acquire clients, from accompanying them to alcohol dens to telling them dirty jokes. Still others were not above murdering their patients in cold blood for financial gain, for example, they might be paid and told to just 'put the patient out of his misery'."

[|horrible histories]

Here is some ancient kookiness to ponder:

"Hysteria and the Wandering Womb"

The word “hysteria” is derived from the Greek word hystera, “womb.” Greco-Roman medical writers believed that hysteria was caused by violent movements of the womb and that it was, therefore, peculiar to women. As early as the sixth century BCE, medical writers believed that the womb was not a stationary object, but one that traveled throughout the body, often to the detriment of the woman’s health." Help! My uterus is attacking me!

Ancient Gynecology." //Claude Moore Health Sciences Library//. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2012. .

2/16

agit.=agita:" shake" per os : "through the mouth"

---ectomy= surgical removal of appendectomy hysterectomy tonsillectomy ---itis= "inflammation of", "inflammatory disease of" appendicitis arthritis tonsillitis You get the idea.

Galen : A Roman doctor, or rather a man from Pergamum in Asia Minor( modern Turkey) who was a physicain in Rome. He began his medical studies at the age of 16.After 12 years of study in Greece and Egypt, he returned to Pergamum where he began his career at a school for gladiators. In 162 AD he went to Rome where he made himself wildly unpopular with all the other doctors by criticizing their methods and being right. He fled to Pergamum again, because no one liked him and a plague had broken out (nice going, doc), but he was recalled by the emperor, Marcus Aurelius who appointed him court physician. He then proceeded to write a lot...21 volumes of medical treatises are still extant.

He found that:

Caesarian Section
 * Arteries are filled with blood rather than the vague life providing substance inhaled into the body called pneuma
 * Chest expansion from diaphragmatic and thoracic muscle action precede ventilation rather than the reverse
 * Urine is formed by the kidneys, not the bladder
 * The spinal cord and spinal nerves control specific neuromuscular functions
 * Voice control originates in the recurrent laryngeal nerve, not in the heart
 * The heart is the origin of blood vessels, and the brain the source of nerves, not the converse
 * Sensory nerves are distinguishable from motor nerves

"One form of surgery in ancient Rome was the Caesarean section childbirth procedure. A common misconception is that Gaius Julius Caesar himself was born under this procedure, but that is completely without merit.A Caesarean Section in the ancient world was a last resort operation to comply with Roman ritual and religious custom and had little to do with saving either mother or child.

Roman, or Caesarean Law, demanded that when a pregnant woman died she could not be buried until the child had been delivered. Thus the procedure was developed to remove the infant prior to the burial. It later became more customary as a last ditch effort to save the child, depending on circumstances.

The law stated that a living, pregnant woman could not give birth under Caesarean section until she was into her 10th month of pregnancy (also indicating a fine knowledge of the reproductive cycle). As the mother assuredly wouldn't survive, the procedure was delayed as long as possible to give her a chance, before the baby might be in trouble. Knowing that Caesar's mother, Aurelia, survived well into Julius' adult life proves that he was not born of this procedure, or she would've died at his birth." []

3/26 gtt=gutta: drops q.s.=quantum sufficiat: "let the amount be enough"

guttural: formed or pronounced in the throat ; guttural sounds▪ [|guttural sounds] Apparently, this will be really handy to know if you decise to pursue a career in heavy metal. Good luck, kids!

sufficient: having or providing as much as is needed :enough

▪ A brisk walk is sufficient to raise your heart rate.

Valetudinaria: So, I was thinking what about hospitals for real, and not just the ones in "Horribel Histories"? Valetudinaria were hospital-like buildings built throughout the Roman Empire,

from around the 100s BCE. Many have been discovered among the ruins of old Roman

military fortresses. Like more modern hospitals, they were made up of a number

of small rooms, divided by hallways. They are thought to have been for the

relief of slaves and soldiers, and to have provided hospitality for travellers.

Literary and archaeological evidence suggests there was one at Neuss, in the

lower Rhine area of Germany. There is less evidence of civilian hospitals during

this period - there were no buildings devoted entirely to the care of the sick

until well into the Christian era. []

So, if there wereno civilian hospitals per se...where did the sick go? Nowhere, apparently medicine:

Soranus: doctor from Asia Minor who practiced in Rome ca. 98-138 AD who was very influential in the feild of gynocolgy, his book //Gynocology// he gave all kinds of advice about conception and contraception, abortion, and pregnancy. His writings very much reflect the attitude that marriage is for the purpose of procreation, and he rejected the idea of the womb moving about the body like a squirrel. That alone makes me think he was not a kook.

4/3 emet.= emeticum: an emetis ; a substance that induces vomiting Febris= "fever"

---tomy= "surgical operation on","surgical cutting of" tracheotomy lobotomy craniotomy osteotomy You get the idea.

neur"nerve" neuralgia neurosis neurologist neurosurgery You get the idea



So, I'm not satisfied with there being no hospitals, that seems weird, so, I searched some more and..not a hospiral, but a "place of healing", like a temple and a clinic all in one: "Asclepius is the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek religion. Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts; his daughters are Hygieia ("Hygiene", the goddess/personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation), Iaso (the goddess of recuperation from illness), Aceso (the goddess of the healing process).

The cult of Asclepios had spread across much of Greece and numerous temples (asclepieions) had been built in his name. These Asclepieions (or Asklepieions) were places of healing. They contained baths, gardens and other facilities designed to improve people's health. People who were being treated in the Asclepieions would sleep in front of a statue of the Greek God in the hope that he would heal them in their sleep. Though several accounts have been recovered, detailing the progress in health made by people admitted to the Asclepieions, it is unlikely that they were based on fact; they may simply have been used as propaganda.

"Medicine and Surgery in Ancient Rome, Asclepius - Crystalinks." //Medicine and Surgery in Ancient Rome, Asclepius - Crystalinks//. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. . I think it is a toilet in the Asclepion. This is exactly the kind of thing one does not want to mistake for a drinking fountain.

And another pioneer in medicine: Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC - 27 BC) believed disease was caused by miniature creatures too small for the naked eye to see (bacteria and viruses are too small to see).

How did Roman doctors diagnose and treat patients?
Roman physicians were strongly influenced by what the Greeks used to do, and would carry out a thorough physical exam of the patient. Many of their treatments were also influenced by Greek practices. Roman diagnosis and treatment of patients consisted of a combination of Greek medicine and some local practices.

Some Roman doctors were impressive in their claims. Galen said that by following Greek practice he never misdiagnosed or made a wrong prognosis. Progress in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in Ancient Rome was slow and patchy; doctors tended to develop their own theories and diverged in several different directions.

They did have a wide range of herbal medicines and other remedies:
 * **Fennel** - was widely used for people with nervous disorders. Romans believed fennel calmed the nerves.
 * **Unwashed wool** - was used for sores
 * **Elecampane** (horse heal) - was given to patients with digestive problems.
 * **Egg yolk** - was given to patients with dysentery
 * **Sage** - said to have had more religious value, and used by those who still believed that the gods could heal them.
 * **Garlic** - doctors said garlic was good for the heart
 * **Boiled liver** - was administered to patients with sore eyes
 * **Fenugreek** - often administered to patients with lung diseases, especially pneumonia
 * **Silphium** - was used as a form of contraceptive, as well as for fever, cough, indigestion, sore throat, aches and pains, warts. Nobody is sure what Silphium was; historians believe it is an extinct plant of the genus //Ferula//, possibly a variety of giant fennel.
 * **Willow** - used as an antiseptic

4/13 Check this out! medical varia

and what to make of this? abracadabra

Placebo - "I will please" ;Medical expression for remedies with no medical effect, which improve one's medical condition only because one believes they do. Nihil per os (NPO) - Nothing by mouth

--- osis: "diseased condition of"sometimes " act of" or "process of", sometimes ---sis psychosis neurosis tuberculosis hynpnosis Holy Moses! [|Osis osis everywhere]

---path: " one who suffers from a disease of" "one who treats a disease" psychopath osteopath sociopath neuropath

Tiber Island Isola Tiberina

In 293 BC, when Rome was hit by a terrible plague, Romans decided to build a temple in honor of Aesclepius, god of medicine and healing. Legend says that a snake taken from the original temple of Aesclepius slithered from onboard a ship and chose the island as the locationSan Bortolomeo Church for the temple, but it is more likely that the island was chosen because it was separate from the mainland and could not be reached by the plague. Following the completion of the temple to Aesclepius in 291 BC, other shrines were constructed on Tiber Island as well, including one to Tiberinus the river god (Tiberis Pater, protector of the river, and the river incarnate) and another to Bellona, a war goddess. In 998 AD, a new basilica, San Bartolomeo, was built over the ruins of the original Asclepius temple and, in keeping with the island's theme of healing, a hospital was built there in 1584 and still stands on the western part of the island. Father Tiber

[]

Unofficial site

[|Tiber Island]

Apollo the doctor A Cure for Madness

9/28 Rx=recipe= "take"

Tussis: "a cough"

cardi="heart" cardiology electrocardigram pericardium

hydr---="water" dehydrate hydrate hydrocephalus hydroxide

House of the Surgeon in Pompeii House of the Surgeon pictures One of the oldest houses in Pompeii, so named because of the trove of surgical instuments found there. Several of the surgical instruments themselves were entrusted to UVA after WWII.UVA Medical instruments