scripta+5+latin+3+rome+post+bella+punica

1/17 Carthago delenda est: Carthage must be destroyed. ( Cato the Elder) Est unus gravis vir. ex agris vitam: from the feilds, life agrarian : concerning farming/feilds deletorious: destructive fall of Carthage After the Punic Wars ( Punic Wars ), Rome went through a period o profound change. The small farmer was displaced, and we see the rise of the urban poor as a result. Cur? A Latifundium is a very extensive parcel of privately owned land. The latifundia (Latin: lātus, "spacious" + fundus, "farm, estate")[1] of Roman history were great landed estates, specializing in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil, or wine. They were characteristic of Magna Graecia and Sicily, of Egypt and the North African Maghreb and of Hispania Baetica in southern Spain. The latifundia were the closest approximation to industrialized agriculture in Antiquity, and their economics depended upon slave labour. The citizen/soldier who fought in the Punic Wars all too often lost their family farm as a result of neglect. These farms were bought by the wealthy, and turned into latifundia, and the displaced rural population migrated to Rome in waves, seeking employment.

1/22

Urbes constituit aetas, hora dissolvit (Seneca the Younger) A lifetime builds up cities, a single hour ruins them.

Sic vis pacem, para bellum: If you want peace, prepare for war; a paradox

paradox: A seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true : the paradox that standing is more tiring than walking.

provincial: Of or characteristic of people from the provinces; not fashionable or sophisticated

Roman expansion continues after the gains of the Punic Wars: In the east, King Attalus III of Pergamum died in 133 BC, without heirs. Long maintaining friendship status with Rome, the entire nation of Pergamum, including Lydia, Pisidia, Lycaonia, and Pamphylia was willed to Rome upon his death. By 129 BC,the entire region would be annexed as the province of Asia Minor, and without so much as a single battle, Rome gained access to more riches of the east. Pergamum itself would become one of the most prosperous and famous cities in Asia Minor, noted for its architectural monuments, its fine library, and its schools.

This vast wealth imported from Rome's newly won provinces did led to a lot of unrest. There were slave revolts As Rome's economy shifted from one of labor by freedmen strictly into that of slavery, a new aristocracy arose. Slave trading was the new profit center for the elite and every excess was taken to get their share. Mistreatment and poor conditions, especially in Sicily where no other province was so inundated by slaves than the plantations there, led directly to the first of several open revolts against the institution.First and Second Servile Wars There was a new found political cry among the Italian tribes for equal rights as Latins. The load in military duty was equally shared among the tribes, but equal rights in voting were not. While full citizens no longer had to pay many of the states taxes, the Italians still did, and it was the patricians who benefited the most through vast acquisition of land and estates. The age old battle between patrician, equestrian and plebeian was soon to be renewed and some of Rome's most famous names would play center stage on world history.

1/24

corruptio optimi pessima The corruption of the best is the worst bellum internecinum: Internecine war, a war of extermination

internecine: occurring between members of the same country, group, or organization ( inter+necatus); totally destructive noblesse oblige: Benevolent, honorable behavior considered to be the responsibility of persons of high birth or rank.

So, this rapid expansion and influx of wealth, and the consequent growth of disparity of wealth led to a period of instability in Rome, characterized by internecine fighting and political violence.The most obvious instance which marks the beginning of this violence is the murder of Tiberius Gracchus and his brother, Gaius Gracchus, which we have to put in its proper context. Tiberius Gracchus 2 Tiberius Gracchus3 Tiberius Gracchus 4

The Gracchi brothers, while championing causes for the common people, were themselves members of the highest Patrician order of Rome. Their father was a consul and their mother was of the distinguished Scipio family. She raised them with a sense of noblesse oblige. Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, pointing to her children as her treasures/ Angelica Kauffman 1785

Tiberius started his political career under the wings of C. Scipio Amelianus as a junior officer in Carthage, but later was to be opposed by the powerful Senatorial elite of which he was originally a member.

1/29 ubi concordia, ibi victoria: Where there is harmony, there is victory bellum se alet: war feeds upon itself

discord(dis +cors): a lack of harmony ( Eris, the Goddess of Discord...the one who threw the golden apple) alimentary: relatin to mourishment, sustenance, feeding

As a quaestor in Spain, Gracchus got his first bitter taste of factional politics. The Roman army had suffered miserably against the Celtic tribes and he proposed a treaty that was written to spare the lives of up to 20,000 Roman soldiers. The treaty was firmly rejected in Rome, because passage would've been akin to admitting defeat. This terribly disappointing incident marked Tiberius' break from the optimates and the beginning of his opposition to the elite authority as a supporter of the populares movement. []

1/31

ecce, juvenes! It's Venus and Vulcan on national television: go daddy bella horrida bella! wars, horrible wars ( The Aeneid)

dulce et decorum est pro patria mori : it is sweet and honorable to dies for one's country ( Horace)

decorum: a sense of propriety and well-mannered behavior

horrid: wretchedly awful

So, after this humiliation, having his treaty rejected, Tiberius ran for and won the office of TRIBUNE OF THE PLEBS. This is a big one, it has veto power. He put forth some legislation to try to protect the rights of the plebs. The LEX SEMPRONIA AGRARIA. The law would reorganize control of the ager publicus, or public land; meaning land conquered in previous wars that was controlled by the state. Previous agrarian law specified that no citizen would be allowed to possess more than 500 jugera the ager publica and any land that they occupied above this limit would be confiscated by the state. However this law was largely ignored and rich landowners continued to acquire land through fictitious tenants initially before transferring the land directly to themselves.They then began to work it with slave labour, giving rise to latifundia, alienating and impoverishing free Roman citizens. Tiberius saw that reform was needed. He met with three prominent leaders: Crassus, the Pontifex Maximus, the consul and jurist Publius Mucius Scaevola, and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law. Together, the men formulated a law which would have fined those who held more of their allotted land and require them to forfeit illegal possessions to the ager publicus, for which they would be compensated. The people simply wanted assurances of future protection, but the senatorial elites opposed the law, claiming Tiberius was seeking a redistribution of wealth, thereby shaking the foundations of the Republic and inciting social revolution. He proposed his law in 134 BC, and to mollify these landowners, they would be allowed to own their land rent free, and would be entitled to 250 jugera per son, above the legal limit. They would also be paid for the land they had to forfeit. Furthermore, Tiberius Gracchus called for the redistribution of the re-confiscated public land to the poor and homeless in Rome, giving them plots of 30 iugera upon which to support themselves and their families, not to mention that the redistributed wealth would make them eligible for taxation and military service. Thus the law sought to solve the twin problems of increasing the number of men eligible for military service (thereby boosting Rome's military strength) and also providing for homeless war veterans. []

2/4 arma tuentur pacem ( Cicero...eum amo!) Weapons guard peace. arma amens capio, nec sat rationis in armis( Vergil) I madly take up arms, but have not the wit to use them

unorthodox: not traditional or conventional; really unusual rational: governed by reason

The Senate and its conservative elements were strongly against the Sempronian agrarian reforms, with most of their hostility due to Tiberius’ highly unorthodox method of passing the reforms. Because Tiberius clearly knew the Senate wouldn’t approve his reforms, he sidestepped the Senate altogether by going straight to the Concilium Plebis (the Popular Assembly) which supported his measures. This was neither against the law or even against tradition (Mos Maiorum: the custom of the ancestors, by which the Roman sente largely abided in lieu of a written constitution), but it was certainly insulting to the Senate and it alienated Senators who otherwise might have shown support. However, any tribune could veto a proposal, preventing it from being laid before the Assembly. In an effort to stop Tiberius, the Senate persuaded Marcus Octavius, another tribune, to use his veto to prevent the submission of the bills to the Assembly. Gracchus then moved that Octavius, should be immediately deposed, arguing that Octavius as a tribune acted contrary to the wishes of his constituents. Octavius, Tiberius reasoned, violated a basic tenet of the office of the tribune, which was to ensure the protection of the people from any political or economic oppression by the Senate. Octavius remained resolute. The people began to vote to depose Octavius, but he vetoed their actions as was his legal right as tribune. Tiberius, consigning himself to the worst situation, had him forcefully removed from the meeting place of the Assembly and proceeded with the vote to depose him. These actions violated Octavius' right of sacrosanctity and worried Tiberius' supporters, and so instead of moving to depose him, Tiberius commenced to use his veto on daily ceremonial rites in which Tribunes were asked if they would allow for key public buildings, for example the markets and the temples, to be opened. In this way he effectively shut down the entire city of Rome, including all businesses, trade and production, until the Senate and the Assembly passed the laws. The Assembly, fearing for Tiberius's safety, formed a guard around Tiberius and frequently escorted him home. []

2/6 arma togae cedent (Cicero): weapons yeild to the toga inter arma enim leges silent ( Cicero): among weapons even laws are silent

recede( re +cedere): to yeild back, to go back intercede (inter +cede): to go between

tiberius gracchus 5 tiberius gracchus 6 tiberius gracchus 7

At the next assembly Gracchus proposed that Marcus Octavius( one of the other tribunes...see above) should be deposed from office. This was not within the Roman constitution, but the assembly voted for it nonetheless. Tiberius' agrarian bill was then voted on once again and became law.

Three commissioners were appointed to administer the scheme; Tiberius himself, his younger brother Gaius Sempronius Gracchus and Appius Claudius Pulcher, 'leader' of the senate - and Tiberius' father-in-law. The commission began work at once and some 75'000 smallholdings may have been created and handed to farmers. As the commission began to run out of money Tiberius simply proposed to the popular assemblies to simply use the available funds from the kingdom of Pergamum, which Rome had recently acquired. The senate was in no mood to be outwitted again, particularly not on matters of finance. It unwillingly passed the proposal. But Tiberius was not making any friends. Particularly as the deposition of Octavius was a revolution, if not a coup d'état. Under the given conditions Gracchus could have introduced any law on his own, given popular support. It was a clear challenge to the senate's authority.

So too, hostile feelings against Gracchus arose, when rich, influential men discovered that the new law may deprive them of land they saw as their own. In such hostile conditions it was distinctly possible that Gracchus was in danger of prosecution in the courts as well as assassination. He knew it and therefore realized that he had to be re-elected to enjoy the immunity of public office. But the laws of Rome were clear that no man was to hold office without interval. His candidacy was in effect illegal.

His opponents were quick to characterize his quest for power as a quest for a crown, and the Romans had no use for kings at all.

The senate failed in an attempt to bar him from standing again, but a group of enraged senators, led by his hostile cousin Scipio Nasica, charged into an election rally of Tiberius', broke it up and, alas, clubbed him to death. []

2/12

Habemus Papam! ("We Have a Pope!") is the announcement given in Latin by the Cardinal Protodeacon, the senior Cardinal Deacon, upon the election of a new pope. The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope is presented to the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing. (to the city and the world)

The format for the announcement when a cardinal is elected Pope is:

> Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam! Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [First Name] Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [Last Name], Qui sibi nomen imposuit [Papal Name].

In English, it reads:

> I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope! The most eminent and most reverend Lord, Lord [First Name] Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [Last Name], Who takes for himself the name of [Papal Name].

papal: concerning the Pope eminent: 1. Of high rank, station, or quality; noteworthy: eminent members of the community.

2. Outstanding, as in character or performance; distinguished: an eminent historian.

3. Towering or standing out above others; prominent: an eminent peak.

How to Choose a New Pope: The College of Cardinals, which currently has 117 members, will convene within the walls of the Vatican Chapel for a centuries-old ritual known as a conclave.

They will be alone except for servants, emergency medical staff and, on one previous occasion, an Italian journalist disguised as a servant attempting to leak news to the world.

The cardinals eat, vote and sleep within sealed areas until they have selected a new pope. No contact is allowed with the outside world. The threat of excommunication hangs over anyone tempted to break the vow of silence.

Unusually, there will be no representative of England and Wales this time.

Vincent Nichols, who became Archbishop of Westminster in 2009, has not been made

a cardinal.

Any baptised Roman Catholic male is eligible for election, but since 1378 only cardinals have been selected.

The process can take days. A handful of candidates will preach at Mass to the college. A lengthy debate is likely in choosing Pope Benedict's successor, given the surprise of his resignation.

Two ballots are held each morning and two each afternoon for up to three days until a two-thirds majority is reached.

The cardinals write their choice on a ballot paper and place it in an urn. The votes are added up by scrutineers, and, if there are no irregularities, the result is recorded and the ballot papers burned.

If the colour of the smoke billowing from the chapel's stovepipe is white, then a new pope has been chosen. If it is dark, then there has to be another vote. Previously, damp straw was used to darken the smoke. Since 1963, a liquid dye has been used.

The conclave has been the procedure for choosing the pope since 1417, and is the oldest ongoing method for choosing the leader of any major institution. There has been no significant challenge to a decision by the conclave.

[]

2/14 Una in perpetuum "Together forever" Quis fallere possit amantem? (Vergil)Who can mislead a lover?; no one knows you like a lover... fallacy: a false belief; It was a fallacy that the earth was flat perpetual: forever And now for some Roman weirdness on Valentine's Day:

The Origin of St. Valentine
The origin of St. Valentine, and how many St. Valentines there were, remains a mystery. One opinion is that he was a Roman martyred for refusing to give up his Christian faith. Other historians hold that St. Valentine was a temple priest jailed for defiance during the reign of Claudius. Whoever he was, Valentine really existed because archaeologists have unearthed a Roman catacomb and an ancient church dedicated to Saint Valentine. In 496 AD Pope Gelasius marked February 14th as a celebration in honor of his martyrdom. The first repres entation of Saint Valentine appeared in a The Nuremberg Chronicle, a great illustrated book printed in 1493. [Additional evidence that Valentine was a real person: archaeologists have unearthed a Roman catacomb and an ancient church dedicated to Saint Valentine.] Alongside a woodcut portrait of him, text states that Valentinus was a Roman priest martyred during the reign of Claudius the Goth [Claudius II]. Since he was caught marrying Christian couples and aiding any Christians who were being persecuted under Emperor Claudius in Rome [when helping them was considered a crime], Valentinus was arrested and imprisoned. Claudius took a liking to this prisoner -- until Valentinus made a strategic error: he tried to convert the Emperor -- whereupon this priest was condemned to death. He was beaten with clubs and stoned; when that didn't do it, he was beheaded outside the Flaminian Gate [circa 269]. [] Lupercalia: I'm not making this up! Spring was thought to begin on February 5, which was the time for the seed to be sown. It was a time, too, for purification and the expiation of any unintentional offense that might have been given to the gods. The month of February takes its name, in fact, from the instruments of purification (februa) used in such rites, the best known of which is the Lupercalia. On February 15, the Luperci, young men who were naked except for the skins of goats that had been sacrificed this day, ran from the Lupercal around the bounds of the Palatine, both to purify that ancient site in a ceremony of lustration (lustratio) and, striking the women they met with strips of goat skin, to promote fertility. "Neither potent herbs, nor prayers, nor magic spells shall make of thee a mother," writes Ovid, "submit with patience to the blows dealt by a fruitful hand."It's getting weird. The Sabine women seized by Romulus were barren, as well, says the poet, until struck by the februa. At the foot of the Palatine hill, the Lupercal traditionally was thought to be the cave where Romulus and Remus had been suckled by the she-wolf. The twins, born of Mars and the Vestal daughter of the king, eventually restored their grandfather to the throne and, at the site where they had been left to die, founded Rome. []

2/19 civis Romanus sum: I am a Roman citizen; all the rights and priveldges of citizenship; St.Paul equo ne credite(Vergil) Don't trust the horse; be vigilant against an enemy civil: concerning citizens, citizenship ( the Civil War; civil law etc) equestrian: a horse rider equites: = The Equestrian Rank in Ancient Rome = In the early days, when Rome was still a kingdom the population was subdivided according to wealth and this subdivision was used not only for taxation purposes but also in order to make up the various military orders. The equestrian order "//Eques", "Equites",// "//Equestri//" or "//Equestris ordinis//" included the knights or cavalry. It was rather like a club to which you might belong according to your personal wealth. The Equestrian rank essentially meant you you had an estate of at least 400 Sestertia. In later years belonging to the equestrian rank gave the right to a horse at public expense whilst on military campaign. The Equestrians outnumbered the Senators and had a set of privileges although these were not quite as extensive as those of the Senatorial class. An Eques could in any case aspire to reaching the Senatorial order (by getting sufficiently rich). The privileges of the Equestrians were also used to distinguish oneself from those of lower social rank. Amongst the privileges of the Equestrians was the right to a "//clavus//" on the tunic (a purple stripe down the tunic but thinner than that of a Senator) and a distinctive gold ring. The Eques had right to particular seating at public games as well as having a degree of legal privilege. It is an interesting anecdote that it was not unheard of for non-equestrians to try to fake their rank by wearing fake gold rings and clothing of that rank in order to impress or simply to gain access to privileged seating at the games. []