Ultima+Scripta+Latin++2017

5/13 Hic est ultima scripta....creditisne?

Let's have a theme for our phrases this time. Let's have mottos...why not?

Veritas: Truth; Harvard...in light of the recent cheating scandal, it seems a bit hypocritical, but, nevertheless, there you have it. harvard cheating scandal What a stupid waste. Nil sine magno labore : Nothing without great effort ; Brooklyn College

collaborate: to work together verity: truth

Virgil incorporates an interesting element of Roman lore into the beginning of the war between the Latins and Trojans. Historically, whenever the Romans prepared to march into battle against an enemy, they would open the Gates of War( the Gates of Janus)—enormous gates of brass and iron that were constructed as a tribute to Mars, the god of war. Opening these gates, they believed themselves to be releasing the Furies, who inflame the hearts of soldiers and drive them into the fray with a passion for death—the polytheistic version of a battle cry. Virgil claims that this tradition already existed in the time of Aeneas. Generally, the king opens the gates, but since Latinus is unwilling—as he has opposed the war from the start—Juno descends to open the gates herself. At this moment, Turnus, whom the Fury Allecto has already infected with bloodlust, gathers his company to march out and confront the Trojans.

Sesterce with the Temple of Janus

The next morning, back in Arcadia, King Evander assigns what troops he can spare to Aeneas’s command. He also bids neighboring kingdoms to send their aid. All told, several thousand soldiers are rallied to accompany the Trojans back to the front, but due to their increased numbers, they must march rather than row, which causes a delay. Finally, Evander dispatches Pallas, his own son, and requests that Aeneas teach Pallas the arts of war and return him home in safety.

[]

5/15 citius altius fortius: higher, faster, stronger; motto of the Olympics esse quam videri: to be rather than to seem; motto of North Carolina

fortitude: strength altitude: height

Aeneas strikes the first blows, cutting down several of Turnus’s men. The rest of the soldiers on both sides then fall into the fray, and blood begins to spill. Pallas leads the Arcadians, fighting fiercely and tipping the scales in favor of the Trojans. Already a great warrior in spite of his youth, he dispenses death with every blow, but attracts the attention of Turnus. Turnus swaggers forth and challenges Pallas alone in the center of the battle. They each toss their spears. Pallas’s weapon penetrates Turnus’s shield and armor, but leaves only a flesh wound on Turnus. Turnus’s lance, on the other hand, tears through Pallas’s corselet and lodges deep in his chest, killing him. Supremely arrogant after this kill, Turnus reaches down and rips off Pallas’s belt as a prize. Word of Pallas’s death reaches Aeneas, who flies into a rage. He hacks a bloody path through the Latin lines, looking for Turnus and bent on vengeance. Terrified, some of the Latin soldiers beg on their knees to be spared, but Aeneas slaughters them mercilessly, and Turnus’s troops fall into chaos.

Up on Olympus, Juno sees that the battle is lost and asks Jupiter to let her spare Turnus from death. Jupiter consents, so Juno flies down to the battlefield, creates a phantom Aeneas, and sends the vision within sight of Turnus. He chases the phantom onto one of the ships anchored nearby, but as soon as he boards the ship, Juno severs the moorings and the ship floats out to sea. Powerless to return to the battlefield, Turnus drifts until the wind carries him ashore far down the coast. This is demoralizing to the Latin, and humiliating to Turnus, and they almost give up, but then Camilla brings news that the Trojans are on the march toward the Latins.

Camilla A queen of the Volsci,whom Vergil calls a "bellatrix", and daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. Her father, who reigned at Privernum, having by his tyranny rendered himself odious to his subjects, was by them expelled from his dominions, and forced to take refuge from their fury in the lonely woods. Here he bred up the infant Camilla, the sole companion of his flight; and, having dedicated her to the service of Diana, he instructed her in the use of the bow and arrow, and accustomed her to the practice of martial and sylvan exercises. She was so remarkable for her swiftness that she is described by the poets as flying over the corn without bending the stalks, and skimming over the surface of the water without wetting her feet. Attended by a train of warriors, she led the Volscians to battle against Aeneas. Many brave chiefs fell by her hand; but she was at length herself killed by a soldier of the name of Aruns, who, from a place of concealment, aimed a javelin at her. Diana, however, who had foreseen this fatal event, had commissioned Opis, one of her nymphs, to avenge the death of Camilla,and Aruns was slain in his flight from the combat by the arrows of the goddess. latin library.com

After Camilla is killed; there is a twelve day truce so that both sides can bury their dead. Aeneas insists upon this because of his experience in the Underworld, he saw the poor souls languishing without a proper burial on the banks of the River Styx, and he does not wish to inflict such a fate upon anyone, friend or foe. So, he calls for a truce, and tearfully returns Pallas to King Evander, who is understandably heartbroken over this loss. Then, at the urging of his fellow Latins, who are a ticked off at this whole situation, Turnus agrees to settle this dispute over Lavina with a duel.

5/19 Semper fidelis: always faithful; USMC Pax Romana: the Roman Peace; a period of peace and prosperity brought to Rome courtesy of Augustus. a state of comparative tranquillity throughout the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD) to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161 –180 AD).

infidel: a non believer; one who is not faithful

pacify: to make peaceful

First, Aeneas and Turnus toss their spears. They then exchange fierce blows with their swords. At Turnus’s first strike, his sword suddenly breaks off at the hilt—in his haste, he had grabbed some other soldier’s weaker sword. Turnus flees from Aeneas, calling for his real sword, which Juturna finally furnishes for him. Juno observes the action from above, and Jupiter asks her why she bothers—she already knows the struggle’s inevitable outcome. Juno finally gives in and consents to abandon her grudge against Aeneas, on one condition: she wants the victorious Trojans to take on the name and the language of the Latins. Jupiter gladly agrees. Jupiter sends down one of the Furies, who assumes the form of a bird and flaps and shrieks in front of Turnus, filling him with terror and weakening him. Seeing Turnus waver, Aeneas casts his mighty spear and strikes Turnus’s leg, and Turnus tumbles to the ground. As Aeneas advances, Turnus pleads for mercy for the sake of his father. Aeneas is moved—but just as he decides to let Turnus live, he sees the belt of Pallas tied around Turnus’s shoulder. As Aeneas remembers the slain youth, his rage returns in a surge. In the name of Pallas, Aeneas drives his sword into Turnus, killing him.

The poem ends with a somber description of Turnus’s death: “And with a groan for that indignity of death Turnus’s spirit fled into the gloom below” (XII.1297–1298). Virgil does not narrate the epic’s true resolution, the supposedly happy marriage between Aeneas and Lavinia and the initiation of the project of building Rome. Two elements of the classical tradition influence this ending. First, Virgil is again imitating Homer, whose Iliad concludes with the death of Hector, the great Trojan enemy of the Greek hero Achilles. Second, Virgil wants his Roman audience to feel that they themselves, not Aeneas’s exploits, are the glorious conclusion to this epic story. And since we are to understand that this brought peace, the poet is emphasizing Aeneas a bringer of peace, and if Aeneas is a bringer of peace, than so is his counterpart, Augustus/Octavian, the first emperor of Rome and man for whom this book was written.





5/21

Vox clamantis in deserto"The voice of one crying out in the wilderness"; Dartmouth College; "ait ego vox clamantis in deserto dirigite viam Domini sicut dixit Esaias propheta"Biblia Sacra Vulgata; John 1:23 []

Veritas vos liberabit. :The truth will set you free; Johns Hopkins University/ Southern Methodist University John 8:32

veracity: habitual observance of truth in speech or statement; truthfulness: He was not noted for his veracity. proclamation: a public or official announcement; a shouting forth ( pro+clamare): the Emancipation Proclamation

Aeneas and Lavinia lived happily ever after...and we move onto the founding of Rome.

The young son of Aeneas, Ascanius, also known as Iulus, went on to found Alba Longa and the line of Alban kings who filled the chronological gap between the Trojan saga and the traditional founding of Rome in the 8th century BC. But, apart from legend and myth, what was really going on in Italy in the 9th century or so BC?

Prior to Rome's dominance on the Italian Peninsula, the most advanced and well known tribe were the ETRUSCANS: is the modern name given to a powerful and wealthy civilization of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio. ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization)

The Etruscan civilization flourished in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BC. The culture was renowned in antiquity for its rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. Much of its culture and even history was either obliterated or assimilated into that of its conqueror, Rome. Nevertheless, surviving Etruscan tombs, their contents and their wall paintings, as well as the Roman adoption of certain Etruscan clothing, religious practices, and architecture, are convincing testament to the great prosperity and significant contribution to Mediterranean culture achieved by Italy's first great civilization. ( http://www.ancient.eu/Etruscan_Civilization/)

khan academy etruscans

5/15 volens et potens: willing and able; 4th Army Engineers

cedant arma togae :Let arms yield to the toga (motto of Wyoming);Cicero, Roman senator; i.e. The military is subordinate to the will of the people

volition: one's own free will cede: to yeild, to give way to; to give up ( territory, money etc) The young son of Aeneas, Ascanius, also known as Iulus, went on to found Alba Longa and the line of Alban kings who filled the chronological gap between the Trojan saga and the traditional founding of Rome in the 8th century BC.

Toward the end of this line, King Procas was the father of Numitor and Amulius. At Procas' death, Numitor became king of Alba Longa, but Amulius captured him and sent him to prison; he also forced the daughter of Numitor, Rhea Silvia, to become a virgin priestess among the Vestals ( a Vestal Virgin).

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_Rome#Aeneas_and_Julus]

As Vestal Virgins were sworn to celibacy for a period of thirty years, this would ensure the line of Numitor had no heirs.

However, Rhea Silvia conceived and gave birth to the twins Romulus and Remus, claiming that the god Mars had discovered her in the forest and seduced her.

When Amulius learned of the birth he imprisoned Rhea Silvia and ordered a servant to kill the twins. But the servant showed mercy and set them adrift on the river Tiber, which, overflowing, left the infants in a pool by the bank. There a she-wolf (Lupa)media type="file" key="Now_That's_What_I_Call_Music!_-_11_She_Wolf_-_Shakira.mp3"who had just lost her own cubs suckled them. Subsequently, Faustulus rescued the boys, to be raised by his wife Larentia.

[]

The Capitoline She-Wolf

Romulus and Remus grew up, had their true lineage revealed to them, kill Amulius, and set out to establish thier own kingdom. But alas, things go neither easily nor well. The brothers cannot agree on anything! They deccide to use augury to settle their disputes. Augury is telling the future ( often through the behavior of animals or entrails or some such thing). This is called taking the auspices. augury So, they look to the sky to see what the birds have to say about where to build thier city and what to name it. Romulus wanted to build the city on the Palatine Hill and name it after himself, and Remus wanted to build it on the Aventine Hill and name it after himself. Remus immediately saw six birds ( some accounts say vultures, some say eagles..quidcumque) whereas Romulus saw twelve. Remus says they shoudl go with his plan, because he saw birds first, Romulus says that the gods clearly favor his plan because he saw more. So,Romulus begins to build the walss of his city. Remus is mocking his brother, and all ticked off about this, so he jumps over the wall...an act of aggression, clearly, so Romulus kills him. That is one way to get rid of one's competition, I suppose. The year was 753 BC.

The Romans say this murder was cursed them to civil war...brother against brother.

romulus and remus

5/28 vincere est vivere: to conquer is to live ( Jamestown; John Smith)

Salus populi suprema lex est. The welfare of the people is the supreme law. Missouri

supreme: highest in rank or authority

salubrious: promoting health or well being

The Rape of the Sabine Women :

Romulus, Rome's fearless, feral founder, put the word out that he was building a new city, and men who were looking for a place to go showed up, unfortunately, these men were not the most savory characters. Au contraire, they were outlaws, criminals and bandits (lions, tigers and bears!). They did not, however, have any women, nor any chances of being welcome suitors to the local girls' fathers and grandfathers what with their reputations. So, they decided to invite the local tribe, the Sabines , to come to a festival...FUN FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY...but not really. The Sabines came in good faith, bona fide,without their weapons seeking friendship and entertainment. Alas, that was not to be. Romulus gave the signal and the Roman ruffians grab the Sabine girls and run for the hills. The Sabine men run to get thier weapons, but when they return, it is nighttime and they cannot find their sisters and daughters. They are beyond angry and out for blood. Giamboala; The Rape of the Sabine Women; Florence, Italy Jaques Louis David; The Rape of the Sabine Women

Then the legend would have us believe that during the course of the night, the Roman riffraff won over the Sabine girls. And, the next morning, when their brothers and fathers found them, they begged them to make peace with their new husbands, lest they be made widows and orphans in one day ( I find that a little hard to believe). Their families reluctantly relented, and the first generation of Roman society came to be. This is why there are so many allusions to " brides by capture" in Roman religion, so I have been told.

We would like to think that such a thing is antithetical to our modern civilization, but sadly, it is not.[|nigerian kidnapping]

6/1 novus ordo seclorum: a new order of the ages ; Great Seal of the United States or often mistranslated as a New World Order...Did someone say New Order?media type="file" key="12 - Bizarre Love Triangle.mp3" width="240" height="20"



in hoc signo vinces: in this sign you will conquer; According to legend, Constantine I adopted this Greek phrase, "ἐν τούτῳ νίκα" (in this, win) as a motto after his vision of a chi rho in the sky just before the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentius on 28 October 312 It is the motto of any number of organizations: []

province: literally, a conquered territory; not the capitol secular: concerning this world = The Horatii and Curiatii =

During the reign of Tullus Hostilius (c. 670 BC), the Romans found themselves at war with the Albans, their close kinsman. Because of these close ties, when their two armies met in the field, Hostilius and the king of Alba Longa decided avoid unneeded bloodshed. Each army happened to contain a set of triplets. It was decided that these brothers should fight as champions for each side. The Horatii Brothers fought for the Roman side, and against them stood the Curiatii brothers. The home city of the losing side would be destroyed.

In the initial battle, all three of the Curiatii were wounded. Two of the Horatii were killed. The sole remaining Roman champion was left to fight the three Curiatii. He however, was the only one not wounded. Not able to fight three men at once, the remaining Horatius turned and ran. The three Curiatii pursued him. One, who was only slightly wounded, managed to keep up. Another, who was wounded more seriously, lagged behind. The third, seriously wounded, fell far behind.

Now that the brothers were separated, Horatius turned around and dispatched of the fastest brother. Then, he met the second brother and killed him as well. The third brother, seriously wounded, was no match for the healthy Horatius. Declaring that he had killed the first two to avenge the loss of his own brothers, and that he would now kill the third for Rome. Horatius then plunged his sword into the neck of the helpless man.

Upon returning to Rome, Horatius met his younger sister, who happened to have been betrothed to one of the Curiatii. When she realized her fiancé was dead, she began to grieve for him. Enraged, Horatius took out his sword and stabbed his sister in the heart.

Horatius was arrested and put on trial for his crime. As per the law, he was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. At that moment, however, Horatius' father stepped forward and pleaded for his son. He said that his daughter deserved what she got. If it were not the case, he would have killed Horatius himself, as was the right of the father. On top of that, he said that he had already lost two sons, and it would be unjust to deprive him of the third.

Remembering Horatius' heroic actions in the battle and his father's moving words, Horatius was set free. The only punishment declared for so grievous a crime was that the Horatian family must hold a festival for the people, something which the family continued to do yearly afterwards. [] Oath of the Horatii Jacques Louis David

5/21 Labor omnia vincit :Work Conquers All; motto of Oklahoma aut vincere aut mori: either to conquer or to die; this is on the crest of any number of familes ( The McCabes and Higgenbothams to name a couple).

mortuary: a place for the dead elaborate: to work out, to expand upon

Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome was a popular king, and one of Rome's most significant benefactors. He had military successes against Veii and the Etruscans, and expanded the city to include the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills. He is credited with the institution of the Compitalia festivals, the building of temples to Fortuna and Diana, and the invention of Rome's first true coinage. Despite the opposition of Rome's patricians, he expanded the Roman franchise and improved the lot and fortune of Rome's lowest classes of citizens and non-citizens. According to Livy, he reigned for 44 years, until murdered by his treacherous daughter Tullia and son-in-law Tarquinius Superbus.

Tullia was the younger of the two daughters of Servius Tullius. By Roman custom, both daughters were named Tullia, the feminine form of their father's nomen.

Servius Tullius arranged the marriage of his daughters to the two sons of his predecessor, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. The sons were named Lucius and Arruns. According to Livy, the younger of the two daughters had the fiercer disposition, yet she was married to Arruns, who had the milder disposition of the two sons. Livy says that the similar temperaments of the younger Tullia and Lucius Tarquinius drew them to each other, and Tullia inspired Tarquinius to greater daring. Together they arranged the murder of their respective siblings, in quick succession, and Tarquinius and Tullia were afterwards married.

Tullia then encouraged her new husband to seek the throne. Tarquinius was convinced, and began to solicit the support of the patrician senators, especially those families who had been given senatorial rank by his father. He bestowed presents on them and vilified Servius Tullius in their company.

Having acquired the backing of a large number of senators, Tarquinius went to the senate house with an armed guard and seated himself on the throne. When Servius Tullius protested, Tarquinius hurled him bodily into the street, where he was murdered by Tarquinius' assassins, apparently at Tullia's suggestion.Tullia then drove in her carriage to the Senate House, where she hailed her husband as king. He ordered her to return home, away from the tumult. She drove along the Cyprian Street and turned towards the Orbian Hill, in the direction of the Esquiline Hill. There at the top of the Cyprian Street she encountered her father's mutilated remains and, in a frenzy of madness, drove the carriage over his body. Ever afterwards this street was called the "Vicus Sceleratus" (street of infamy, or of wickedness) in memory of her actions. Tullia's act of desecration spattered her with blood that stained her clothes, and in this manner she returned to her husband's house. Livy states that Tarquinius' household gods were angered by this crime, and determined that a reign begun so badly would also end badly. She is an symbol of patricide, the worst crime, along with matricide in the eyes of a Roman. Vicus Scelestus. Est femina horrida!

The blue is the Servian Wall. Here it is today.

5/23

IMPETUM PERSEQUI”: Continue the Attack; 21st Cavalry Brigade US Army

Audemus jura nostra defendere : We Dare to Defend Our Rights; Alabama

audacious: full of daring; bold impetuous: full of attacking; attacking impulsively

The End of the Monarchy: The Roman monarchy ends with the rape of Lucretia and the consequent expulsion of the king, Tarquinius Superbus; from Rome by a posse of men led by Lucius Junius Brutus( the ancestor of the Brutus who killed caesar).Capitoline Brutus...one tough dude

In the time of king Tarquinius Superbus, the Romans were laying siege to Ardea, in the territory of the Rutulians. One day, some of the young leaders of the Roman army were boasting about the virtues of their wives, each claiming to have the best. They decided to ride their horses to secretly observe their wives. In Rome they saw that the daughters-in-law of the king were enjoying a lavish dinner-party. In Collatia, however, Lucretia, wife of Collatinus Tarquinius, (son of Egerius), was up in the middle of the night with her servants, working wool. Collatinus and the others were welcomed into the house, among them Sextus Tarquinius, son of the king.

A few days later, Sextus Tarquinius( Tarquin the Loser) secretly returned to the house of Collatinus Tarquinius, where he was given dinner and lodging by Lucretia. Late at night, the prince entered Lucretia's room, and attempted to rape her. She resisted until he threateded to kill both her and a slave, and make it seem that she had been killed when caught in an act of adultery. Rather than leave this legacy of dishonor for her husband, she relented.

As soon as Sextus Tarquinius had left, Lucretia sent urgent messages to her father, Spurius Lucretius, and to her husband, telling them to come to her in haste, as a terrible thing had happened. Her father came with Publius Valerius and her husband arrived with Lucius Junius Brutus. Lucretia tearfully told what had happened and asked each of the men to seek revenge. The men tried to console her, calling her blameless, as force had been used. She, however, prefered death to even a hint of dishonor and, pulling a dagger from her clothes, took her own life.

In the first moment of grief and shock, Brutus pulled out the bloody dagger and swore to avenge Lucretia and all others who had been wronged by the king, stopping at nothing short of the expulsion of the king from Rome. Collatinus, Lucretius and Valerius joined in his oath and then they carried the body of Lucretia to the forum. There, the words and passion of these men inflamed a band to march to Rome. Collatia was garrisoned and the armed band left for Rome, led by Brutus.

In Rome, some of the leading men joined the band and there Brutus again spoke of the terrible crime commited by prince, and all the other outrages suffered by the people under king Tarquinius Superbus. The people decided to expel the king and banish his family. A band led by Brutus was sent to the army at Ardea, to take control in place of the king; Lucretius, who had already been appointed prefect, was left in command in Rome.

When news reached the king in Ardea, he left for Rome, but the gates were closed against him. He went into exile in Caere in Etruria with some of his family. Sextus Tarquinius was killed by some of his old enemies. In this way the reign of kings was brought to an end in Rome.

[]

Rape of Lucretia; Titian Botticelli

ECCE! THIS IS AWESOME!

5/28

Facta non Verba: Deeds not Words; 91st ebgineer Battalion; US Army; Phi Delta Epsilon International Medical Fraternity et alia civilitas successit barbarum Civilization succeeds barbarism (motto of Minnesota)

civility: behavior befitting a citizen, not acting like a barbarian

barbarian: a foreigner,literally; an uncivilized person Tarquin the Proud didn't just lie down and give up his thrown. He found allies and he fought back. One of his most powerful allies was a man named Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium, an Etruscan town north of Rome. He was approached for help by Tarquin Superbus after he had been exiled from Rome. Porsenna agreed to raise an army and march against Rome, but he was held back by several heroic Romans. Eventually he treated with the Romans, and Tarquin was not restored to power. However first he had to face some very tough Romans, like Mucius Scaevola, who was terrifyingly brave.

Mucius Scaevola was a young Roman who formed a plan of saving Rome by assassinating Lars Porsenna in his camp shortly after the foundation of the Republic (approx 508 B.C.). When he was caught he was brought before Porsenna but to show his contempt for pain and torture, Mucius voluntarily placed his right hand in a fire and let it burn without showing the slightest trace of weakness. Even more impressed with this feat, Porsenna released Mucius. From that moment on, Mucius was nicknamed Scaevola ('left hand'), which is totally gangster.

[]

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5/30 Scientia Liberatem Pascite: Feed freedom with knowledge; Kellam HS; check it out in the cafeteria.

ad majorem Dei gloriam/ AMGD: To the greater glory of God; Jesuits( the New Pope was a Jesuit...fyi)daily beast jesuits

majority: A greater number

prescient: knowing before

An emerging govt need its defenders, amd Rome had her fair share: Scaevola, and today's hero, Horatius Clocles( Horatius the One Eye... another totally gangster name! )at the Pons Sublicius. Lars Porsenna was marching on Rome, and was going to cross the bridge to enter the city. Horatius happened to be on guard at this bridge when the enemy's forces appeared. Most of the Roman soldiers panicked and retreated like an undisciplined rabble. Horatius stopped them as they ran across the bridge and urged them not to desert. He persuaded them that their only hope was to demolish the wooden bridge with axes or fire, while he himself would stand alone and delay the enemy's crossing as far as he was able. Two companions joined him; when only one last section of the bridge was barely intact, on Horatius' orders his two friends retreated to safety.

The Etruscans did not know what to think of one man making a stand against them. They certainly did not retreat but neither did they advance, ashamed at the thought of such unequal odds -- an army against one man. The will to win finally took over and they hurled their spears against the lone defender of the bridge. But as they attacked, the weakened bridge fell into the river with a crash. The Etruscans watched in amazement as Horatius prayed to Father Tiber and then, in full heavy armor, jumped into the river.

One version of the legend says that Horatius was able to reach Rome, saved by the river god himself, and that he was rewarded by a grant of all the land he could plow by himself in a day. Other versions say that he drowned in the river. In either case, the story of Horatius was told and retold to generation after generation, holding him up as an example of Roman dedication and inspiration. []



In 458 BC (according to tradition), Cincinnatus, who had been consul in 460 BCE, was plowing his fields when messengers arrived to tell him he had been named dictator to defend the city against the Aequi and the Volscians. He took up the supreme command, defeated Rome's enemies, freed the beseiged consul Minucius, and returned to his farm, all within 16 days. Further, he refused the honors that came with his military victories. Legend says he was named dictator a second time in 439 BCE, but there is no foundation for this story. George Washington was sometimes called an American Cincinnatus because he too held his command only until the defeat of the British and, at a time when he could have chosen to exercise great political power, instead returned as soon as he could to cultivating his lands. After the end of the Revolutionary War, a group of former officers in the (now) American army formed The Society of the Cincinnati, taking the name from the Roman general. The city of Cincinnati was named after this organization, and a statue of Cincinnatus stands there today. george washington the American Cinncinatus

9/17

"Where there is unity, there is the victory."
 * Ubi concordia, ibi victoria - Publius Syrus **