Scripta+I+Latin+II+2015

9/9 fortes fortuna iuvat : fortune favors the brave ( you make your own luck!!!)

tu ne cede malis sed contra audentior ito : Yield not to misfortunes, but advance all the more boldly against them

fortitudinous: marked by courage or bravery unfortunate: lacking in good luck

Tarquin the Proud didn't just lie down and give up his thrown. He found allies and he fought back. One of his most powerful allies was a man named Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium, an Etruscan town north of Rome. He was approached for help by Tarquin Superbus after he had been exiled from Rome. Porsenna agreed to raise an army and march against Rome, but he was held back by several heroic Romans. Eventually he treated with the Romans, and Tarquin was not restored to power. However first he had to face some very tough Romans, like Mucius Scaevola, who was terrifyingly brave.

Mucius Scaevola was a young Roman who formed a plan of saving Rome by assassinating Lars Porsenna in his camp shortly after the foundation of the Republic (approx 508 B.C.). When he was caught he was brought before Porsenna but to show his contempt for pain and torture, Mucius voluntarily placed his right hand in a fire and let it burn without showing the slightest trace of weakness. Even more impressed with this feat, Porsenna released Mucius. From that moment on, Mucius was nicknamed Scaevola ('left hand'), which is totally gangster.



9/11 perfer et obdura: endure and be tough

per aspera ad astra! to the stars thorugh difficulty!

duress: harsh or sever treatment The suspect confessed however he claimed it was under duress.

astral: pertaining to the stars

An emerging govt need its defenders, amd Rome had her fair share: Scaevola, and today's hero, Horatius Clocles( Horatius the One Eye... another totally gangster name! )at the Pons Sublicius. Lars Porsenna was marching on Rome, and was going to cross the bridge to enter the city. Horatius happened to be on guard at this bridge when the enemy's forces appeared. Most of the Roman soldiers panicked and retreated like an undisciplined rabble. Horatius stopped them as they ran across the bridge and urged them not to desert. He persuaded them that their only hope was to demolish the wooden bridge with axes or fire, while he himself would stand alone and delay the enemy's crossing as far as he was able. Two companions joined him; when only one last section of the bridge was barely intact, on Horatius' orders his two friends retreated to safety.

The Etruscans did not know what to think of one man making a stand against them. They certainly did not retreat but neither did they advance, ashamed at the thought of such unequal odds -- an army against one man. The will to win finally took over and they hurled their spears against the lone defender of the bridge. But as they attacked, the weakened bridge fell into the river with a crash. The Etruscans watched in amazement as Horatius prayed to Father Tiber and then, in full heavy armor, jumped into the river.

One version of the legend says that Horatius was able to reach Rome, saved by the river god himself, and that he was rewarded by a grant of all the land he could plow by himself in a day. Other versions say that he drowned in the river. In either case, the story of Horatius was told and retold to generation after generation, holding him up as an example of Roman dedication and inspiration. []



99 problems but a bridge ain't one

media type="file" key="01 - Problems (Clean).mp3" width="240" height="20" Credit where credit is due: this song associated with our Horatius Clocles is brought to you by the creative team of Anthony Garofalo and Mason Smith

9/15 Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo - Resolutely in action, gently in manner. (To do unhesitatingly what must be done but accomplishing it as inoffensively as possible) Commune bonum - The common good suave: (of persons or their manner, speech, etc.) smoothly agreeable or polite; agreeably or blandly urban excommunicate:to cut off from communion with a church or exclude from thesacraments of a church by ecclesiastical sentence; to exclude or expel from membership or participation in any group,association, etc.:

In 458 BC (according to tradition), Cincinnatus, who had been consul in 460 BCE, was plowing his fields when messengers arrived to tell him he had been named dictator to defend the city against the Aequi and the Volscians. He took up the supreme command, defeated Rome's enemies, freed the beseiged consul Minucius, and returned to his farm, all within 16 days. Further, he refused the honors that came with his military victories. Legend says he was named dictator a second time in 439 BC, but there is no foundation for this story.

George Washington was sometimes called an American Cincinnatus because he too held his command only until the defeat of the British and, at a time when he could have chosen to exercise great political power, instead returned as soon as he could to cultivating his lands. After the end of the Revolutionary War, a group of former officers in the (now) American army formed The

Society of the Cincinnati, taking the name from the Roman general. The city of Cincinnati was named after this organization, and a statue of Cincinnatus stands there today. george washington the American Cinncinatus

"The American Cincinnatus, 1783" by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris “Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of Action; and bidding an Affectionate farewell to this August body under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my Commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public life.” George Washington

9/17

Ubi concordia, ibi victoria - Publius Syrus "Where there is unity(harmony), there is the victory."

Manus manum lavat - Petronius “One hand washes the other.”

discord: lacking in harmony. Eris, the goddess of DISCORD, threw the golden apple inscribed "to the fairest" into the wedding of Thetis, thus setting off a gigantic catfight between Hera, Aphrodite and Athena.

manual: by hand; manual labor

All of this fighting is off course taxing, but necessary. The Romans eventually become the most influential of the city states in Italy. They establish a republic and they really start to get their ducks in a row. They use both the carrot and the stick to get Italy in order and firmly bound to Rome.

Under the republic, Rome continued to fight neighboring cities, though now each of the two consuls, the chief executives of the Roman state and commanders in chiefs, who shared power in Rome commanded his own consular army. The Roman army was composed of citizens, and was not yet a professional army. Only property owners served in the armies, and their rank was determined by the amount of property they owned. Soldiers would supply their own equipment, so the more money a man possessed the better his arms, and the few who could afford horses fought mounted. The army would gather for a campaign season, fight, and disband in time for the soldiers to return to their farms to harvest the crops. Because the early Roman Republic had no full-time military, it could not occupy large swaths of land. Instead, it had to devise other strategies for keeping its growing Italian empire under its control. One of the most important tools the Roman Republic had in its conquest of Italy was the power to grant Roman citizenship. Unlike the Greeks, who were generally stingy with the right of citizenship in a city, the Romans used it as a stick and carrot in their relations to other cities. Some cities were given full Roman citizenship: this meant that they could vote in the elections of Roman officials (if they made the journey all the way to Rome at the time of an election), run for office, and serve in the Roman legions.They paid taxes to Rome, but this gave the new citizens a sense of being a part of the Roman government and helped instill loyalty to Rome. Full citizens could marry Romans, and thus become integrated into Roman society. Full citizenship spread Roman culture and helped transform many areas of Italy into part of a larger Roman world. It also meant more citizens for Rome, which meant a larger population and army. https://legacy.saylor.org/hist301/Intro/

9/21 Dies Pacis!!!!! pax vobiscum: peace be with you vade in pace: go in peace

pacifist: person who believes that war and violence are unjustifiable pacify: to make peaceful

With most of central Italy, and most of northern Italy fully in its power, Rome set forth to bring the southern part of Italy into its purview. Paestum

The Romans now looked to gain control over the Greek cities of southern Italy. Neapolis and other Greek cities had appealed to Rome for aid against the Samnites, a fierce Italian tribe but now that the Samnites, having been defeated by the Romans, were no longer a danger, Rome became the new threat, and there was no one left in Italy to stop the Romans. Thus, the Greek city of Tarentum (modern-day Taranto) asked for aid from Pyrrhus of Epirus, a Macedonian king and cousin of Alexander the Great. Pyrrhus dreamed of equaling the deeds of his famous relative, and saw Italy as a perfect proving ground for his military abilities. Thus, he arrived in Italy with over 20,000 foot soldiers, 3,000 cavalry, and 20 war elephants. The elephants proved to be a particularly useful weapon: the Romans had never seen such creatures before and were frightened of them. In 280 BC, at the Battle of Heraclea, Pyrrhus inflicted a heavy defeat on the Romans, though he lost many of his best men. The next year, he defeated the Romans again at the Battle of Asculum, but he lost a significant portion of his army. He famously remarked, “Another such victory and I will be finished.” This has led to the term Pyrrhic victory, which is synonymous with a victory so costly that it is not worth the loss.

9/23 In honor of the Pope's visit:

ad majorem Dei gloriam: to the greater glory of God ( Jesuits) AMDG



misere nobis: Have mercy on us [|misere nobis hym]n

glorify: to bring honor and praise deodand: In English law, "a personal chattel which, having been the immediate cause of the death of a person, was forfeited to the Crown to be applied to pious uses." Abolished 1846 .

Though Rome achieved undisputed control over Italy, it initially ruled more of a loose confederation than a unified empire. The various cities of Italy had different levels of citizenship and different degrees of autonomy from Rome, and this patchwork was the heart of the empire with which the Romans began their overseas conquests. While some peoples were eager to take advantage of their new place in the Roman system, others harbored only anger and resentment toward the Romans and yearned for independence. The Samnites, for example, were constantly rebellious, and joined with Rome’s enemies such as Pyrrhus and later Hannibal. They suffered from backing these unsuccessful invaders, but they would always support the enemies of Rome.

Nevertheless, the Romans were here to stay, and they set up a government to manage and control their growing empire. They had a republic, administered by political offices that were pretty orderly: The cursus honorum (Latin: "course of offices") was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire.

9/25 hymni ad vesperas: hymns for vespers ( vesper: evening; ergo, evening prayers) Pope Francis Vespers

ad petendam pluvium: for the sake of seeking ( asking for) rain: prayer for rain

competition: to seek together impluvium: an architectural feature of an ancient Roman house that collected rain water to cool things off and to look pretty [|impluvium]

Pompeii

Modern impluvium super cool

= THE TWELVE TABLES =

(451-450 B.C.)
This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a CODE OF LAW; it is also the earliest (surviving) piece of literature coming from the Romans. In the midst of a perennial struggle for legal and social protection and civil rights between the privileged class (patricians) and the common people (plebeians) a commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (ca. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law which would be binding on both parties and which the magistrates (the 2 consuls) would have to enforce impartially. The commission produced enough statutes (most of them were already `customary law' anyway) to fill TEN TABLETS, but this attempt seems not to have been entirely satisfactory--especially to the plebeians. A second commission of ten was therefore appointed (450 B.C.) and two additional tablets were drawn up. The originals, said to have been inscribed on bronze, were probably destroyed when the Gauls sacked and burned Rome in the invasion of 387 B.C.

12 Tables

EUR



9/29

Si vis bellum para pacem: If you want peace, prepare for war
Sic gorgiamus illos subjectatos nunc: Thus, let us feast on those who would subdue us

-Addams Family Motto

to gorge: to stuff with food; a gorge: a canyon bellicose: hungry for war; warlike

While Rome was now a republic, during this period a small part of the population had inordinate influence over the government. Only the patricians, the aristocracy of the city, could serve in the senate or hold political office. Roman society was divided into three classes of citizens. The patricians were at the top of society. These men were from Rome’s oldest and wealthiest families, and had great power in the city even under the kings. Below them was the equestrian order, also called knights. These were the Romans wealthy enough to buy and take care of a horse (and hence fight in battle on horseback), and were often wealthy merchants. Finally, there were the plebeians, the common people, who had no political or economic power except in their voting blocs within the assemblies. Lower than the plebeians were slaves and non-citizens, who had no political power.

http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST301-5.1-RomanRepublic-FINAL.pdf

10/1 mos maiorum: the custom of the ancestors ; this is the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms. It is the core concept of Roman traditionalism, distinguished from but in dynamic complement to written law. mos maiorum modern day

auctoritas maiorum: prestige or respect of the ancestors

authority:the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience mores ( mos, moris): the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community

check this out

The Curiate Assembly that existed during the monarchy gave way to two separate assemblies, the Century Assembly (Comitia Centuriata) and the Tribal Assembly (Comitia Tributa). Every Roman citizen could participate in the assemblies, and it was these bodies that elected the public officials. Thus, every male citizen could vote in the selection of praetors, consuls, etc. The assemblies also passed laws and made judicial decisions. While the assemblies were meant as a check on the power of the consuls and the senate, they were also a check on one another. Those participating in the Century Assembly were classed as soldiers, and grouped into different units called centuries based on their property, which reflected the ranks they would hold in the army (which were also property-based). Each century had one vote, and since most citizens were classed in the larger lower-ranked centuries, while the wealthiest were thinly spread out in the multiple higher-ranked centuries, the wealthy tended to dominate the Century Assembly. The other assembly, the Tribal Assembly, functioned similarly, but instead of being grouped into centuries, the voters were grouped into tribes. Tribes were not ethnic groups or families, but units based on geographical location within the city of Rome, and thus rich and poor were mixed together in each tribe, meaning that the more numerous, poorer citizens dominated this assembly. http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST301-5.1-RomanRepublic-FINAL.pdf

10/5 Exitus acta probat: the ending proves(validates) the deeds; the ends justify the means

Qui scribit bis legit : he who writes reads twice ( in honor of your upcoming test:)

probative: for the purpose of proving transcribe:to make a written copy

The Struggle of the Orders (also called the Conflict of the Orders), a power struggle between the plebeians and patricians, resulted from the Roman class divide. In 494 BC, in the middle of a war, the plebeian soldiers went on strike and gathered on the Aventine Hill in Rome, threatening to secede and form their own city. They were angry at their lack of rights and power. They demanded that they get to elect their own representatives. The aristocracy gave in, and in return for the plebeians returning to battle, they were allowed to elect their own tribunes( Tribune of the Plebs), who would have veto power over the laws passed by any of the assemblies. They also created the office of plebeian aedile. Plebeian aediles and tribunes had to be plebeians. The tribunes were also given the power to convene a new assembly, the Plebeian Council, which elected the plebeian aediles and tribunes and could pass laws that would apply only to plebeians. Gradually more and more rights were granted to the plebeians. In 449 BC the plebeians were able to lobby for the creation of the Twelve Tables, bronze tablets erected in the city that clearly listed the law. Prior to this, the plebeians had no specific rights and laws were known only to the patricians, who could enforce them as they wished. Now the basic laws and rights of citizens were clearly spelled out for all to read. At the same time, more offices were opened up to plebeians, and in 367 BC plebeians were finally granted the right to hold the consulship. Another conflict arose over the authority of the patricians to veto any law passed by any of the assemblies. This was repealed due to pressure from the plebeians, though patricians could still preemptively prevent a law from being brought before the assemblies. While the rights of the plebeians increased, the wealth disparity in Rome grew. Plebeians were often indebted to patricians and could be enslaved if they were unable to pay back these debts. In 326 BC, debt enslavement was abolished. Still, the plebeians made a final threat to secede in 287 BC. The result was the lex Hortensia, which held that any laws passed by the Plebeian Assembly were binding upon all Romans, including the patricians, and that patricians could not prevent laws from being proposed in the assemblies. http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST301-5.1-RomanRepublic-FINAL.pdf

Info on the Tribune of the Plebs